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1970’lerden 2000’lere kadar, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndaki biyofizik laboratuvarlar\u0131, mikrobiyal opsinler ad\u0131 verilen ve y\u00fckl\u00fc iyonlar\u0131 zarlardan ge\u00e7irerek \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa tepki veren \u00e7e\u015fitli protein ailelerini birer birer tan\u0131mlad\u0131lar (1-4). Tek h\u00fccreli mikroplar, proteini beyin sinyallerini iletmek yerine \u0131\u015f\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131na g\u00f6re hareketlerine rehberlik etmek gibi ba\u015fka ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in kullansalar da, zar boyunca ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan y\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, bir n\u00f6ron ate\u015flendi\u011finde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan y\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine benzer de\u011ferlerdeydi. Ard\u0131ndan 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, bu opsinlerden birini farelerden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan beyin h\u00fccrelerine entegre ederek, h\u00fccreleri \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa maruz b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131nda hassas zamanlama ile ate\u015flenmeye zorlayabileceklerini ke\u015ffettiler (5). 2007’ye gelindi\u011finde ise bu teknoloji, farelerin davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 hassas bir \u015fekilde kontrol etmek i\u00e7in uyarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (6, 7). O zamandan beri, akteriorhodopsin, halorhopsin<\/strong> ve channelrhodopsin<\/strong> gen ailelerinin \u00fcyeleri de dahil olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok ilgili protein tasarland\u0131 ve n\u00f6ronlar\u0131 milisaniye zamanlamayla a\u00e7\u0131p kapamak i\u00e7in bu proteinlerin i\u015fe yarad\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6sterildi (8-10).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tekni\u011fin erken davran\u0131\u015fsal uygulamalar\u0131, fareleri belirli kolayca g\u00f6zlemlenebilir \u015fekillerde hareket etmeye te\u015fvik etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131 ve i\u015fe yarad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlendi. Optogenetik sayesinde farelerde uyanma<\/strong> (7) veya \u0131\u015f\u0131k parlad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda (11) bir daire i\u00e7inde d\u00f6nme<\/strong> gibi davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebildi\u011fi tespit edilirken son on y\u0131lda optogenetik, n\u00f6ropsikiyatrik bozukluklara<\/strong> neyin neden oldu\u011fu ve beyin hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l tedavi edilebilece\u011fi hakk\u0131nda klinik olarak \u00f6nemli bir\u00e7ok sorunun yan\u0131tlanmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, optogenetik kullanarak farelerin beyinlerindeki bir dizi n\u00f6ronu a\u00e7\u0131p kapatt\u0131klar\u0131nda, hayvanlar\u0131n kayg\u0131 seviyelerinin<\/strong> de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini<\/strong> g\u00f6rd\u00fc ve bu h\u00fccrelerin kayg\u0131ya arac\u0131l\u0131k etmekteki \u00f6nemini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 (12). Ba\u015fka bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada ise farkl\u0131 n\u00f6ron t\u00fcrlerini aktive etmek, kemirgenlerde Parkinson hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n semptomlar\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> ortay \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan semptomlar bilim insanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yine optogenetik sayesinde hafifletildi<\/strong>. (13, 14). Yine bir ba\u015fka \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada farelerde yemek yeme davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131narak<\/strong> a\u00e7 bir farenin daha az besin t\u00fcketmeye e\u011filimli olmas\u0131, yeterince beslenmi\u015f bir farenin ise doyumsuzluk ya\u015famas\u0131n\u0131n bu y\u00f6ntem ile sa\u011flanabilece\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Bir ba\u015fka \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00f6rne\u011finde ise ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong>la ilgili oldu\u011fu bilinen baz\u0131 n\u00f6ronlar optogenetik kullan\u0131larak kapat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kemirgenlerin kokaine olumlu yan\u0131t vermesi engellenebildi<\/strong> veya – zaten kokain ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131s\u0131ysa – uyu\u015fturucuyu aramaya son vermesi sa\u011fland\u0131. (15, 16).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu, \u00f6rnekler optogenetik alan\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ve yap\u0131labilecek olan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sadece birka\u00e7\u0131. Optogenetik bir bilim dal\u0131 ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemi olarak h\u0131zla b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye devam ediyor ve bu alanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapan bilim insanlar\u0131, h\u00fccresel s\u00fcre\u00e7leri kontrol etmek i\u00e7in \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131llarda \u00e7o\u011fu sorunun k\u00f6keninin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, hastal\u0131klara tedavi geli\u015ftirilmesi gibi konularda uygulanmaya devam edece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyorlar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Optogenetik gelecekte bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131, n\u00f6robilim ve n\u00f6ropsikiyatri alan\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7acak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda bilim insanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in vazge\u00e7ilmez bir y\u00f6ntem olacak gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Belirlenen bir opsine ait genin istenilen hedef dokuya transfeksiyonuna kadar s\u00fcre\u00e7 \u015fu \u015fekildedir;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n (Elektroporasyon, h\u00fccrelere veya dokulara k\u0131sa zamanl\u0131 cok kuvvetli elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131 uygulayarak, h\u00fccre zar\u0131nda nanometre boyutunda gecici porlar olusturulmas\u0131 islemidir. Bu gecisken durumda zar, h\u00fccrelere. DNA, enzim, antibodi ve diger makromolek\u00fcl gecisine izin verir.)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu alanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bilim insanlar\u0131, \u015fu an insan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131k ile kontrol edilmesini sa\u011flayan bir genetik m\u00fchendisli\u011fi yapmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve tekni\u011fi tamamen beynin i\u015fleyi\u015fini anlamak i\u00e7in ara\u015ft\u0131rma ama\u00e7l\u0131 kulland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ifade ediyorlar. Ancak \u015fu da bilinen bir ger\u00e7ek ki, bilimsel\u00a0 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n tek sebebi insan\u0131n merak\u0131n\u0131 dindirmek olamaz ve mutlaka bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar beraberinde uygulamay\u0131 (tedavi vb. i\u00e7in) getirir. \u015eunu da belirtmekte fayda var; optogenetik literat\u00fcre girdikten sonra Nature<\/strong> dergisi taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131l\u0131n metodu se\u00e7iliyor ve hen\u00fcz \u00e7ok yeni bir metot olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada 800\u2019\u00fcn \u00fczerinde yeni optogenetik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma merkezleri bulunuyor. \u00dcstelik g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e bunlara yenileri ekleniyor. Bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ve bilimin k\u0131ymetinin fark\u0131nda olan \u00fclkeler bu alan\u0131n getirebileceklerini \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 \u015fekilde g\u00f6rerek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara da titizlikle hemen ba\u015flad\u0131.\u00a0 Beyin hakk\u0131nda merak etti\u011fimiz sorunlar\u0131n cevaplanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayabilecek bu ve bunun gibi yeni y\u00f6ntemlere bizler de gelece\u011fin bilim insanlar\u0131 olarak \u015fimdiden kendimizi haz\u0131rlamal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n KAYNAK\u00c7A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Zihnin i\u015fleyi\u015fini anlamak, beyindeki hangi n\u00f6ron koleksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n hangi i\u015flevleri y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc belirlemek, psikiyatrik ve n\u00f6ronal hastal\u0131klar\u0131n sebebini anlamak, pek \u00e7ok hastal\u0131\u011fa tedavi geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n vazge\u00e7ilmezi olan optogeneti\u011fi ve bu bilim dal\u0131n\u0131n n\u00f6ropsikiyatri i\u00e7in \u00f6nemini merak ediyorsan\u0131z bu yaz\u0131y\u0131 mutlaka okumal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":197,"featured_media":10156,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[3,1,25,19,20],"tags":[73,894,1957,115,1474,1342,1325,217,283,1338,1956,494,125,66],"acf":[],"views":1049,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10151"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/197"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10151"}],"version-history":[{"count":24,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10151\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10186,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10151\/revisions\/10186"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10156"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10151"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10151"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10151"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"\"](\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-11-1024x1024.png\")
Optogenetik<\/em><\/strong> olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu tekni\u011fin g\u00fcc\u00fc, genetik m\u00fchendisli\u011fi teknikleri kullan\u0131larak opsinlerin, beyindeki se\u00e7ilmi\u015f herhangi bir n\u00f6ron alt pop\u00fclasyonuna se\u00e7ici olarak eklenebilmesidir. Daha sonra, fiberoptikler veya di\u011fer \u0131\u015f\u0131k y\u00f6nlendirici ara\u00e7lar (6, 10) arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla beyinde \u0131\u015f\u0131k parlad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, yaln\u0131zca bu n\u00f6ronlar etkinle\u015ftirilecek veya inaktive edilecektir.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-12-1024x1024.png\")
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\nOptogenetik ve N\u00f6ropsikiyatri<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Bu Y\u00f6ntem Nas\u0131l Uygulan\u0131yor?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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