{"id":10226,"date":"2021-10-07T00:22:00","date_gmt":"2021-10-06T21:22:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=10226"},"modified":"2021-10-07T01:08:22","modified_gmt":"2021-10-06T22:08:22","slug":"tip-dunyasinin-zor-karari-pernkopf-atlasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/tip-dunyasinin-zor-karari-pernkopf-atlasi\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u0131p D\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n Zor Karar\u0131: Pernkopf Atlas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Anatomi atlas\u0131 t\u0131p, fizyoterapi ve veterinerlik gibi sa\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri i\u00e7in her zaman vazge\u00e7ilmez bir yol g\u00f6sterici olmu\u015ftur. Me\u015fhur \u201cSobotta m\u0131 Netter mi\u201d ikilemi ise anatomi atlas\u0131 almadan \u00f6nce her t\u0131p \u00f6\u011frencisinin akl\u0131n\u0131 mutlaka me\u015fgul etmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda hekimlerin bu konuda asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok cazip bir se\u00e7enekleri daha vard\u0131: karanl\u0131k ge\u00e7mi\u015fiyle etik tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da beraberinde getiren, belki de d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en detayl\u0131 haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f atlas\u0131: Pernkopf Atlas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BT\u2019nin, MR\u2019nin, USG\u2019nin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde, detayl\u0131 kesitsel g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler haz\u0131rlayabilmenin yolunun \u00e7ok say\u0131da ve detayl\u0131 otopsiden ge\u00e7mesi gerekti\u011fini fark etmek \u00e7ok da zor de\u011fil elbette. Ama elimizden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmedi\u011fimiz atlaslar\u0131n, katledilen mahkumlar \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonucunda haz\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek kesinlikle \u00e7ok dramatik ve t\u00fcyler \u00fcrpertici olurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir Nazi Hekimi Yeti\u015fiyor: Eduard Pernkopf Kimdir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eduard Pernkopf, 1888 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Avusturya\u2019da \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7ocuklu bir ailenin en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocu\u011fu olarak d\u00fcnyaya gelmi\u015ftir. Babas\u0131 bir k\u00f6y doktoru olan Pernkopf, m\u00fczi\u011fe olan ilgisine ra\u011fmen erken ya\u015fta babas\u0131n\u0131 kaybedince hayallerini bir kenara atar ve doktor olmaya karar verir. 1907 y\u0131l\u0131nda Viyana T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesine ba\u015flar. \u00d6\u011frencilik y\u0131llar\u0131nda kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cAlmanya Akademik \u00d6\u011frenci Karde\u015fli\u011fi\u201d ad\u0131nda milliyet\u00e7i bir \u00f6\u011frenci derne\u011fi Pernkopf\u2019un \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 fikirlerini ye\u015fertir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda burada fak\u00fcltenin anatomi enstit\u00fcs\u00fc m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Ferdinand Hochstetter ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma f\u0131rsat\u0131 yakalar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ferdinand Hochstetter \u00f6\u011frencileri ile birlikte (1930\u2019lar)<\/em><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Mezun olduktan sonra, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda 1 y\u0131l\u0131 orduda olmak \u00fczere 14 y\u0131l boyunca \u00e7e\u015fitli okullarda anatomi e\u011fitimi veren Pernkopf, 1920\u2019de Hochstetter\u2019in asistan\u0131 olarak akademik kariyerine ilk ad\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 atar. Daha sonra Viyana \u00dcniversitesi Anatomi Enstit\u00fcs\u00fcnde; do\u00e7entlik ve profes\u00f6rl\u00fck unvanlar\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r, 1933 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise enstit\u00fc m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc olur. Bu y\u0131llarda Ulusal Sosyalist Alman \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisine (di\u011fer ad\u0131yla Nazi Partisi) kat\u0131l\u0131r. Ertesi y\u0131l, Adolf Hitler taraf\u0131ndan kurulan ve \u201cF\u0131rt\u0131na Birli\u011fi\u201d olarak bilinen Sturmabteilung\u2019un \u00fcyesi olur. Bu birlik, Nazi partisinin paramiliter g\u00fcc\u00fc olarak hizmet vermekte, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc kirli i\u015fi yapmaktad\u0131r. Pernkopf bir enstit\u00fc ba\u015fkan\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u00e7o\u011fu e\u011fitimsiz ki\u015filerden olu\u015fan sokak g\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lmas\u0131yla \u201cher yola\u201d haz\u0131r oldu\u011funun da i\u015faretini verir. Nazi Almanyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Avusturya\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgal etti\u011fi g\u00fcnlerde Pernkopf, t\u0131p fak\u00fcltesi dekanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na getirilir. Dekan olduktan sonra ilk yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015flerden biri, fak\u00fcltedeki profes\u00f6rlerin Hitler\u2019e sadakat yemini etmesini zorunlu k\u0131lmak ve yemin etmeyenlerin listesini yetkililere iletmek olur. Bu olay\u0131 takiben ba\u015fta istenmeyen akademisyenler, Nazizm\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 gelenler ve Yahudiler olmak \u00fczere i\u00e7lerinde Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcll\u00fc 3 bilim insan\u0131n\u0131n da bulundu\u011fu, 197 personelin 153\u2019\u00fc Viyana \u00dcniversitesindeki g\u00f6revlerinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
\u201cBiz doktorlar, b\u00fct\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ve t\u00fcm ruhumuzla ona hizmet etmek istiyoruz. \u00d6yleyse \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131m\u0131z, her birimizin kalbinin en derininde hissetti\u011fi duygular\u0131 g\u00f6stersin: \u2018Adolf Hitler, Sieg Heil! Sieg Heil! Sieg Heil!\u201d<\/em>
Dekan Eduard Pernkopf’un (F\u0131rt\u0131na Birli\u011fi \u00dcniformal\u0131) a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f konu\u015fmas\u0131ndan
Viyana \u00dcniversitesi, 1938<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Atlas Nas\u0131l Yaz\u0131ld\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asistanl\u0131k y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00f6\u011frenciler i\u00e7in bir diseksiyon rehberi haz\u0131rlayan Pernkopf, y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde bunu geli\u015ftirir. Profes\u00f6r oldu\u011funda, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n 3 ciltlik bir anatomi atlas\u0131 olarak bas\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 teklif ederler, heyecanla kabul eder. 1933\u2019te atlas\u0131 haz\u0131rlamaya ba\u015flar. Hemen 4 ressamdan olu\u015fan (Batke, Endtresser, Schrott ve Lepier) bir ekip kurar. Kadavralar \u00fcst\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, dersler, y\u00f6netim i\u015fleri derken, g\u00fcnde 18 saat \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Stenografi tekni\u011fi ile notlar tutar. E\u015fi sembol ve k\u0131saltmalardan ibaret bu notlar\u0131 yaz\u0131ya d\u00f6ker, ki atlas\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klama metinleri b\u00f6yle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Pernkopf i\u015finde titizdir, t\u0131bbi ressamlar\u0131n g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerini ger\u00e7e\u011fe en yak\u0131n \u015fekilde \u00e7izmelerini arzular. Tek istisnas\u0131 \u00e7izimlerde kullan\u0131lacak renklerdir. Ak\u0131lda kal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 artt\u0131rmak i\u00e7in parlak renklerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. B\u00f6ylesi bir Nazi hayran\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7ti\u011fi ressamlar da elbette kendisine benzer. Atlas\u0131n her sayfas\u0131na att\u0131klar\u0131 imzalar ile Nazilere ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterirler. Lepier isimli ressam imzalar\u0131nda r harfini swastika gibi atar, Endtrasser\u2019\u0131n imzas\u0131ndaki pe\u015fpe\u015fe iki s harfi ise \u015fim\u015fe\u011fi and\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. (SS sembol\u00fc)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Hakenkreuz (\u2018swastika\u2019 veya \u2018gamal\u0131 ha\u00e7\u2019) <\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pernkopf\u2019un \u201cTopographische Anatomie des Menschen\u201d<\/em><\/strong> isimli anatomi atlas\u0131 ilk olarak, 2 cilt h\u00e2linde 1937\u2019de yay\u0131mlan\u0131r. Pernkopf, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n hemen ard\u0131ndan 1945\u2019te, anatomi enstit\u00fcs\u00fcndeki g\u00f6revinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve ard\u0131ndan tutuklan\u0131r. 3 y\u0131l bir esir kamp\u0131nda tutulur. Serbest kald\u0131ktan sonra Viyana\u2019da n\u00f6roloji enstit\u00fcs\u00fcnde, beraberindeki 4 ressam ve yeni ressamlarla birlikte tekrar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flarlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Pernkopf ve \u00e7izerleri<\/em><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1952 y\u0131l\u0131nda, atlas\u0131n ba\u015f ve boyun b\u00f6lgesi anatomisini i\u00e7eren 3. cildi yay\u0131mlan\u0131r. Pernkopf, 1955 y\u0131l\u0131nda, atlas\u0131n 4. cildi \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybeder. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc cilt, eski meslekta\u015flar\u0131ndan Werner Platzer ve Alexander Pickler taraf\u0131ndan tamamlan\u0131p, 1960 y\u0131l\u0131nda bas\u0131l\u0131r. Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra yay\u0131nc\u0131 firma, Pernkopf\u2019un a\u00e7\u0131klama metinlerinin \u00e7o\u011funu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p, Nazi sembollerini sans\u00fcrledi\u011fi iki ciltlik yeni bir versiyonu yay\u0131nlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1980\u2019lerin ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren yazar\u0131n ve beraberindeki ressamlar\u0131n Ulusal Sosyalist (Nazi) Rejimi ile olan ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131, bilim camias\u0131nda daha \u00e7ok g\u00fcndeme gelmeye ba\u015flar. \u00d6zellikle de o d\u00f6nemlerde idam edilmi\u015f mahk\u00fbmlar\u0131n kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ihtimalinden dolay\u0131 atlas\u0131n bas\u0131m\u0131 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda durdurulur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pernkopf\u2019un \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden Sonra Atlas<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1995\u2019te Viyana \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Prof. Edzard Ernst, Nazilerin \u00fcniversiteyi ele ge\u00e7irmeleri ve bunu takip eden insan deneyleri \u00fczerine bir makale yaz\u0131nca, \u015fiddetli bir etik tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ba\u015flar. Makalede Atlas\u2019\u0131n, Viyana Hastanesinde \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen \u00e7ocuklardan materyal i\u00e7erdi\u011fi ve Pernkopf\u2019un, anatomi enstit\u00fcs\u00fcnde idam edilen ki\u015filerin cesetlerini \u00f6\u011fretim amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsedilmektedir.  Bir y\u0131l sonra Dr. Howard Israel, atlas i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan kadavralar\u0131n en az\u0131ndan baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n politik su\u00e7lular, e\u015fcinseller, \u00e7ingeneler ve Yahudilerden olu\u015ftu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Bu atlaslar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 etik midir, de\u011fil midir? T\u0131p camias\u0131 ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l, \u0130srail \u015eehitleri Anma Yetkilisi Yad Vashem, Viyana \u00dcniversitesi rekt\u00f6r\u00fcnden, Pernkopf\u2019un atlas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan kadavralar\u0131n kim oldu\u011funu ve nas\u0131l \u00f6ld\u00fcklerini belirlemek i\u00e7in resm\u00ee bir soru\u015fturma a\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131 ister. Bask\u0131lar \u00fczerine Rekt\u00f6r Alfred Ebenbauer konuyu ara\u015ft\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla bir komisyon kurar. Komisyonunun raporuna g\u00f6re o d\u00f6nem 1.377 cesedin Nazi d\u00f6neminde idam edilmi\u015f mahk\u00fbmlara ait oldu\u011fu, bu cesetlerinin \u00fcniversiteye ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve en az 800 resimde bunlardan yararlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7 olarak Viyana Anatomi Enstit\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn Nazi kurbanlar\u0131n\u0131n bedenlerini bilimsel ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u015f\u00fcphe olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Pernkopf\u2019un atlas\u0131n\u0131n da bu \u015fekilde olu\u015ftu\u011funun neredeyse kesin olarak belirtilmi\u015f fakat bunu kan\u0131tlaman\u0131n imk\u00e2ns\u0131z oldu\u011fu bildirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Etik Tart\u0131\u015fmalar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atlas ile ilgili tart\u0131\u015fmalar insan haklar\u0131, bilim eti\u011fi, yay\u0131n eti\u011fi ve t\u0131p e\u011fitimi gibi \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir kapsama sahiptir. Fakat as\u0131l problem kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6rsel materyallerin \u015f\u00fcpheli ge\u00e7mi\u015fi nedeniyle Atlas\u2019\u0131n t\u0131p e\u011fitiminde ve cerrahi operasyonlarda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ile ilgilidir. Baz\u0131 yazarlar, teknik olarak insan anatomisini m\u00fckemmele yak\u0131n \u015fekilde i\u015fleyen ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir anatomi atlas\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirtirken, baz\u0131 yazarlarsa eserin Nazi doktorlar\u0131nca i\u015flenen su\u00e7lar\u0131n bir hat\u0131rlat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011funu savunur. \u00d6te yandan, n\u00f6ro\u015fir\u00fcrji (beyin cerrahi) uzmanlar\u0131n\u0131n periferik sinir cerrahisi uygularken kulland\u0131klar\u0131 anatomi kaynaklar\u0131yla ilgili bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmada ise cerrahlar\u0131n %80\u2019inin anatomi atlas\u0131 kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bunlardan %12\u2019sinin tercihinin ise h\u00e2l\u00e2 Pernkopf\u2019un atlas\u0131 oldu\u011fu belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atlas\u0131n e\u011fitimde kullan\u0131lmaya devam edilmesini \u00f6neren bir grup daha vard\u0131r, ancak gerek\u00e7e olarak ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir e\u011fitim materyali olmas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, orada yer alan kadavralar\u0131n insanl\u0131\u011fa salt anatomi bilgisinden daha derin \u015feyler s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor olmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerler. Onlara g\u00f6re Atlas\u2019taki kadavralar, yaln\u0131zca anatomiyi \u00f6\u011fretmekle kalmamakta; ayn\u0131 zamanda bilgi ve e\u011fitim yoluyla cehaletin, \u00f6n yarg\u0131n\u0131n ve nefretin hafifletilemiyor oldu\u011funu da hat\u0131rlatmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece kadavra olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f o ki\u015filer, ba\u015flar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7enleri ve \u00e7ektikleri ac\u0131lar\u0131, anatomi \u00f6zelinde, her daim bilim camias\u0131na anlat\u0131yor olacakt\u0131r. Benzer bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla, atlas\u0131n Nazi rejiminin kurbanlar\u0131n\u0131 onurland\u0131rman\u0131n bir yolu olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 tavsiye eden yazarlar da vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atlas\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan yazarlarsa b\u00f6ylesine karanl\u0131k bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahip bir materyali e\u011fitimde kullanman\u0131n, yap\u0131lanlar\u0131 hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kartaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve etik a\u00e7\u0131dan sorun olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedirler. Onlara g\u00f6re ahlaki bir ders \u00e7\u0131karmak maksad\u0131yla bile olsa Atlas\u2019\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 do\u011fru de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kamu hukuku profes\u00f6r\u00fc Pieter Carstens\u2019\u0131n konuyla ilgili yorumu dikkate de\u011fer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBu kadar harika bir \u015fey, nas\u0131l bu kadar a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7a olabilir? Pernkopf ve ressamlar\u0131, Nazi ideolojisini benimseyerek ve i\u015flenen zul\u00fcmlerden yararlanarak bir Nazi anatomi atlas\u0131 olu\u015fturdular. Harika \u00e7izimler \u00fcretildi, ancak bu yaln\u0131zca Nazi rejiminin katletti\u011fi ma\u011fdurlar\u0131n anatomik kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n etik olmayan \u015fekilde ve yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu. Bu y\u00fczden Pernkopf atlas\u0131n\u0131n de\u011feri ve i\u00e7eri\u011fi \u00f6nemini yitirmektedir.\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pernkopf Atlas\u0131, bilim insanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in bilimin mi yoksa insan onurunun mu daha \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu sorusuna, anatomi ba\u011flam\u0131nda bilim tarihi \u00fczerinden verilebilecek en anlaml\u0131 cevaplar\u0131ndan birini i\u00e7ermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maalesef ki insanl\u0131k tarihinin baz\u0131 ac\u0131 tecr\u00fcbeleri, mesle\u011fini teknik olarak iyi bilen ancak yeterli insani duyarl\u0131\u011fa sahip olmayan profesyonellerin elinde, bilimin ve t\u0131bb\u0131n nerelere savrulabilece\u011finin \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6rnekleriyle doludur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not:<\/strong> Bu yaz\u0131da s\u00f6z konusu atlas\u0131n g\u00f6rsellerine ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde yer vermekten bilin\u00e7li olarak ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Anatomi Tarihinin Tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 Bir Sayfas\u0131: Pernkopf Atlas\u0131, <\/em>T\u00fcrkiye Klinikleri T\u0131p Eti\u011fi-Hukuku-Tarihi Dergisi – Derleme (2020)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Nazilerin Mahkum Kadavralar\u0131 ve Pernkopf Atlas\u0131, <\/em>https:\/\/acilci.net\/pernkopf-atlasi\/<\/a>  (18 Eyl\u00fcl 2019)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Pernkopf Atlas\u0131: Nazilerin \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ki\u015filer \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonras\u0131 yaz\u0131lan tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 anatomi kitab\u0131, <\/em>https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/turkce\/haberler-dunya-49401918<\/a>  (20 A\u011fustos 2019)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Inaugural lecture of dean Eduard Pernkopf (wearing a SA-uniform) after the reopening of the University of Vienna in 1938<\/em> , https:\/\/geschichte.univie.ac.at\/en\/images\/inaugural-lecture-dean-eduard-pernkopf-wearing-sa-uniform-after-reopening-university-vienna-0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Nazi sembolizmi,<\/em> https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazi_sembolizmi<\/a>  (23 A\u011fustos 2021)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Anatomi atlas\u0131 t\u0131p, fizyoterapi ve veterinerlik gibi sa\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri i\u00e7in her zaman vazge\u00e7ilmez bir yol g\u00f6sterici olmu\u015ftur. Me\u015fhur \u201cSobotta m\u0131<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":338,"featured_media":10228,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[24,1,25,23,6],"tags":[567,1586,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1972,1966,1984,701,1985,1986,1987,1964,570,1988,1012,34,1989],"acf":[],"views":1860,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10226"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/338"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10226"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10226\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10766,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10226\/revisions\/10766"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10228"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10226"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10226"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10226"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}