{"id":10356,"date":"2021-04-24T12:51:03","date_gmt":"2021-04-24T09:51:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=10356"},"modified":"2021-04-24T12:51:08","modified_gmt":"2021-04-24T09:51:08","slug":"hastaliklarin-mucitleri-2-james-parkinson","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/hastaliklarin-mucitleri-2-james-parkinson\/","title":{"rendered":"HASTALIKLARIN MUC\u0130TLER\u0130-2: JAMES PARKINSON"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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James Parkinson, 1817 y\u0131l\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cAn Essay on Shaking Palsy\u201d <\/em><\/a>yani T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cTitremeli fel\u00e7 \u00fczerine bir deneme\u201d olan yaz\u0131yla bir sinir sistemi hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlad\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7 hastas\u0131ndan elde etti\u011fi verilerle bu hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201ctitreyen fel\u00e7\u201d olarak isimlendirdi. Dr. James\u2019in hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ke\u015ffinden y\u0131llar sonra me\u015fhur Frans\u0131z n\u00f6rolog Dr. Jean-Martin Charcot, hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ismini \u201cParkinson hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d olarak kullanan ilk hekim oldu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ismi bile ge\u00e7mi\u015finde b\u00fcy\u00fck gizemler, tesad\u00fcfler, bilinmezler ta\u015f\u0131r. Gelin \u015fimdi birlikte hem Parkinson hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n gizemlerini \u00e7\u00f6zmeye hem de hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n mucidini tan\u0131maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fal\u0131m. Ba\u015fl\u0131yoruz\u2026<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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James Parkinson, 11 Nisan 1755 tarihinde Londra\u2019da d\u00fcnyaya geldi. James\u2019in babas\u0131 hem cerrah hem de eczac\u0131yd\u0131. Dr. James, daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00e7ocukken babas\u0131na yard\u0131m ederek doktorluk mesle\u011fiyle tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

1776\u2019da London Hospital Medical College\u2019a gitti sonras\u0131nda Royal College of Surgeons\u2019dan diplomas\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. James Parkinson, ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca do\u011fup b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hoxton halk\u0131n\u0131n genel sa\u011fl\u0131k ve refah\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in \u00e7aba harcad\u0131. 1783 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mary Dale ile evlendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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D\u00f6nemin ilgi \u00e7ekici ke\u015fiflerinden elektri\u011fin, hayvan ve insan v\u00fccudu \u00fczerine olan etkilerini inceledi. Apandisit ve gut gibi hastal\u0131klar\u0131n etiyolojileriyle de ilgilendi. 1812\u2019de apandisitin, peritonit ve \u00f6l\u00fcme yol a\u00e7abilece\u011fi \u00fczerine bir rapor haz\u0131rlad\u0131. \u00c7i\u00e7ek a\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n mucidi Edward Jenner ile birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak kilisenin a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u0130ngiltere\u2019de b\u00fcy\u00fck bir a\u015f\u0131lama kampanyas\u0131na \u00f6n ayak oldu. Dr. James Parkinson \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir doktor ve bilim insan\u0131yd\u0131. T\u0131p d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle jeoloji ve paleontoloji alanlar\u0131yla da ilgileniyordu. Bu alanlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p kitaplar yazd\u0131. O zamanlarda yeni kurulan Jeoloji Derne\u011fi ba\u015fkan\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan d\u00f6nemin \u201cEn iyi ama neredeyse tek fosilcisi\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanan Dr. James Parkinson, fosillerin daha derinden ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ve paleontolojinin Britanya\u2019n\u0131n bilimsel haritas\u0131nda yer almas\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O zamanlarda sosyal hayat\u0131n getirdiklerine de duyars\u0131z kalmayan James Parkinson, Frans\u0131z Devrimi\u2019ni destekledi, \u0130ngiltere\u2019deki krall\u0131k rejimini devirmek isteyen ayd\u0131nlardand\u0131. Sanayi devrimiyle birlikte yeni kurulan \u015fehirlerde say\u0131lar\u0131 giderek artan yoksul insanlar\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 savunan bir politikay\u0131 benimsedi. \u201cOld Hubert\u201d takma ismiyle yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131larda, sosyal reformlar\u0131 savundu ve herkese oy hakk\u0131 verilmesini istedi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o d\u00f6nemlerde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n, az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n ve fakirlerin oy hakk\u0131 yoktu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Yaz\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda da bahsetti\u011fim gibi ku\u015fkusuz Parkinson\u2019un en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve en \u00f6nemli eseri 1817\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan \u201cAn Essay on Shaking Palsy\u201didi. Galen de dahil olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok bilim insan\u0131 bu konu hakk\u0131nda yaz\u0131lar yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ancak Parkinson\u2019un a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 \u00e7ok kapsaml\u0131yd\u0131 ve patologlar\u0131 etkileyerek onlar\u0131 bu konunun \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya y\u00f6neltti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Bak\u0131n Dr. James Parkinson, \u201ctitreyen fel\u00e7\u201d olarak isimlendirdi\u011fi hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 nas\u0131l tan\u0131mlad\u0131?<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

“Hasta hareketsiz, hatta desteklenmi\u015f durumdayken bile azalm\u0131\u015f kas kuvvetleriyle birlikte g\u00f6r\u00fclen istemsiz titremeler; g\u00f6vdeyi \u00f6ne e\u011fme ve y\u00fcr\u00fcmekten ko\u015fmaya ge\u00e7me e\u011filimi; duyulara ve akla ili\u015fkin herhangi bir bozukluk g\u00f6r\u00fclmemesi durumudur.”<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Peki g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Parkinson hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131?<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk N\u00f6roloji Derne\u011fi\u2019nin haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kitap\u00e7\u0131ktan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m tan\u0131mlamayla Parkinson hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, yava\u015f ilerleyici n\u00f6rodejeneratif bir beyin hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Normal olarak insan beyninde belli b\u00f6lgelerde dopamin \u00fcreten beyin h\u00fccreleri bulunur. Bu h\u00fccreler beynin substantia nigra ad\u0131 verilen belli bir alan\u0131nda yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f halde bulunurlar. Dopamin, substantia nigra ile v\u00fccut hareketlerini kontrol eden di\u011fer beyin b\u00f6lgeleri aras\u0131nda mesajlar ileten bir kimyasald\u0131r. Dopamin, insanlar\u0131n ak\u0131c\u0131 ve birbiri ile uyumlu hareketler yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Dopamin \u00fcreten h\u00fccrelerin %60 ila %80\u2019i kayba u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yeterli miktarda dopamin \u00fcretilemez ve Parkinson hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n motor belirtileri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n belirtileri:<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Titreme(tremor)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Hareketlerde yava\u015flama<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022Kol, bacak ve g\u00f6vdede kat\u0131l\u0131k<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(rijidite)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Y\u00fcz ifadesinin de\u011fi\u015fmesi (sabit bakma, g\u00f6zleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n

k\u0131rpmama)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Y\u00fcr\u00fcrken bir kolun savrulmamas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 V\u00fccut duru\u015funda b\u00fck\u00fclme (kambur duru\u015f)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Omuzda donma ve a\u011fr\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Bir baca\u011f\u0131n aksamas\u0131 veya s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Boyunda veya uzuvlarda uyu\u015fma, a\u011fr\u0131, rahats\u0131zl\u0131k<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Seste yumu\u015fama<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130\u00e7ten titreme hissi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Denge sorunlar\u0131 ve muhtemel d\u00fc\u015fmeler<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Dr. James Parkinson, 1824 y\u0131l\u0131nda konu\u015fma bozuklu\u011fuyla seyreden bir inme ge\u00e7irdi ve 69 ya\u015f\u0131nda vefat etti. Do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc olan 11 Nisan t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada \u201cD\u00fcnya Parkinson G\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d <\/strong><\/em>olarak etkinliklerle kutlan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yaz\u0131m\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda hastal\u0131klar\u0131n isimlerinin bile ge\u00e7mi\u015flerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck gizemler, tesad\u00fcfler, bilinmezler ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131na de\u011finmi\u015ftim. Onlar\u0131n mucitlerinin de ya\u015famlar\u0131, okuduklar\u0131m\u0131z ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar\u0131yla gizemli ve ilham verici bence. Yaz\u0131ma son verirken \u015funu s\u00f6ylemek isterim ki James Parkinson\u2019a dair bilgilerimiz s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olabilir ama onun g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgilerden yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p hastal\u0131\u011fa dair yeni tan\u0131 ve tedavi y\u00f6ntemleri geli\u015ftirmek, bunlarla ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapmak biz gelece\u011fin sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n, biyologlar\u0131n\u0131n, n\u00f6rologlar\u0131n\u0131n ve nice James Parkinsonlar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 sonucunda olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHastal\u0131klar\u0131n mucitleri\u201d<\/strong> <\/em>serimin ikinci yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n da sonuna geldik. Serinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve son yaz\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek dile\u011fiyle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hastal\u0131klar\u0131n Mucitleri-1: “Thomas Addison” yaz\u0131s\u0131na ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in: <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Hastal\u0131klar\u0131n Mucitleri-1: \u201cThomas Addison\u201d<\/a><\/blockquote>