{"id":10774,"date":"2021-10-23T17:27:23","date_gmt":"2021-10-23T14:27:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=10774"},"modified":"2021-10-23T17:27:26","modified_gmt":"2021-10-23T14:27:26","slug":"edebiyatin-ve-sinirbiliminin-munakasasi-sancili-nobetlerden-dunya-klasigine-dostoyevsky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/edebiyatin-ve-sinirbiliminin-munakasasi-sancili-nobetlerden-dunya-klasigine-dostoyevsky\/","title":{"rendered":"EDEB\u0130YATIN VE S\u0130N\u0130RB\u0130L\u0130M\u0130N\u0130N M\u00dcNAKA\u015eASI; SANCILI N\u00d6BETLERDEN D\u00dcNYA KLAS\u0130\u011e\u0130NE DOSTOYEVSKY"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

   En dokunakl\u0131 romanlara imzas\u0131n\u0131 atan Rusya\u2019n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda kalmay\u0131p d\u00fcnyaya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini aktaran Rus roman yazar\u0131 Fyodor Mihaylovi\u00e7 Dostoyevsky. 11 Kas\u0131m 1821\u2019de hen\u00fcz kendisini neyin bekledi\u011finden habersiz d\u00fcnyaya gelmi\u015ftir. Mutlu aile tablosu, Dostoyevsky\u2019i  de \u0131skalam\u0131\u015f, hayat onu hasta bir anne ve sarho\u015f bir baban\u0131n evlad\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Babas\u0131 disiplinli ayn\u0131 zamanda bir o kadar da sinirli bir cerrah. Dostoyevsky babas\u0131n\u0131n hastalar\u0131yla zaman ge\u00e7irmeyi, onlar\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131, hayat hik\u00e2yelerini dinlemeyi sevdi\u011fini dile getirmi\u015ftir. Kim bilir dinleyerek kafas\u0131nda ba\u015fka evrenler olu\u015fturup olay zinciri kurmu\u015f bunlar da eserlerine konu olmu\u015ftur. Askeri m\u00fchendis olup ilerleyen zamanlarda istifa etmi\u015ftir. Ard\u0131ndan edebiyata y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. Tabi bu s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda annesinin t\u00fcberk\u00fclozdan vefat\u0131n\u0131n b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ac\u0131 ve derin bo\u015fluk onda b\u00fcy\u00fck yaralar a\u00e7ar. Okulda iken sinirli ama duyarl\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131 nedeniyle arkada\u015flar\u0131 ona \u2018\u2019Ate\u015f Fedya\u2019\u2019 lakab\u0131n\u0131 takm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Babas\u0131ndan nefret etmesine ra\u011fmen babas\u0131n\u0131n karakterini ta\u015f\u0131yor olmas\u0131 bizi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadar kendisini de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr muhakkak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Dostoyevsky <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Dostoyevsky<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk kitab\u0131 olan \u2018\u2019\u0130nsanc\u0131klar\u2019\u2019 \u00e7evresinde \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck ses getirmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla zihnimizde yer edinen Dostoyevsky ve toplumda ilgiyle kar\u015f\u0131lanan bu eser \u00e7ok fazla \u00f6vg\u00fc alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ard\u0131ndan Petersburg\u2019da yaz\u0131lan \u2018\u2019 Ezilenler, \u00d6l\u00fc Evinden An\u0131lar\u2019\u2019 ve daha bir\u00e7ok eseri insanl\u0131\u011fa damga vurmu\u015ftur. Her eserinin bir hik\u00e2yesi, yaz\u0131lma a\u015famas\u0131nda \u00e7ekti\u011fi s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Yeralt\u0131ndan Notlar roman\u0131n\u0131, hasta e\u015finin ba\u015fucunda yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kumarbaz\u2019\u0131 kendi kumar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcr\u00fcst bir tan\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kendine has \u00fcslubu vard\u0131r. Hatta epilepsinin etkilerini diline yans\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bazen ifadeleri uzun ve karma\u015f\u0131k, bazen ise a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 k\u0131sa. Olaylar yava\u015f yava\u015f giri\u015f i\u00e7ermeyip birden oluyor. Bunun yan\u0131nda zor ve bir o kadar kapsaml\u0131 yaz\u0131lar\u0131, ahlaki etik konular\u0131 i\u00e7eriyor.  Maxim Gorky\u2019e g\u00f6re \u201c k\u00f6t\u00fc deham\u0131z\u2019\u2019 olarak nitelendirilmi\u015ftir.  Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa mahrum kalan eserleri olsa da \u2018\u2019Yeralt\u0131ndan Notlar, Su\u00e7 ve Ceza, Kumarbaz, Budala,\u2026\u2019\u2019 daha bir\u00e7ok eser d\u00fcnyaya bamba\u015fka pencereler a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

  Lakin onun i\u00e7in hayat, eserlerindeki ba\u015far\u0131lar kadar zirvede ilerlemeyecektir. Babas\u0131n\u0131n vefat\u0131yla ba\u015flayan epilepsi n\u00f6betleri ve girdi\u011fi depresyon \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu yakas\u0131nda olacakt\u0131r. Babas\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc net olarak bilinememekle birlikte babas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6lmesini istedi\u011fi i\u00e7in kendini k\u00f6t\u00fc hissetmi\u015ftir. K\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n vefat\u0131yla ise hayat Dostoyevsky\u2019e yeni bir tokat atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  S\u00fcrg\u00fcnde ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi n\u00f6betler hayat\u0131nda yeni hasarlar b\u0131rak\u0131r. Burada \u0130ncil\u2019i okuma f\u0131rsat\u0131 elde eder. Ayn\u0131 zamanda mahk\u00fbmlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini, hayat\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffeder. Bir s\u00fcre sonra i\u015fe tekrar ba\u015flar ama sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fc olmas\u0131 nedeniyle g\u00f6revine son verilir. Hatta doktoru, amnezi, kloniform hareketler, a\u011f\u0131z \u00e7evresinde k\u00f6p\u00fck birikmesi, d\u00fczensiz nab\u0131zla seyreden epileptik ata\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 15 dakika s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, her ay\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir. N\u00f6betleri ve kumar ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 onu f\u0131rt\u0131nal\u0131 g\u00fcnlere s\u00fcr\u00fckleyecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Geschwind Sendromu= Dostoyevsky Sendromu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Di\u011fer bir ifadeyle Dostoyevsky Sendromu. N\u00f6betlerinin mezial temporal lobdan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Fakat hala muammal\u0131 bir konudur. Temporal lob epilepsisi oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde kan\u0131lar vard\u0131r. Baz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, birincil jeneralize epilepsiyi de \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131nda genetik yatk\u0131nl\u0131k olabilece\u011fini( o\u011flunda ve babas\u0131nda oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in) de g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Hatta interiktal n\u00f6ropsikolojik eksiklikler olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bu ihtimal de g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Temporal loblar edebiyat \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda temporal lobdaki de\u011fi\u015fiklikler hipergrafi \u00fcretebilir. K\u0131saca yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ve d\u00fcrt\u00fclerimiz temporal lobdad\u0131r. Yarat\u0131c\u0131 yazmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 ikinci b\u00f6lgemiz ise duygular\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n kontrol edildi\u011fi b\u00f6lge olan limbik sistemdir. Limbik sistem ayn\u0131 zamanda ruh hali de\u011fi\u015fimlerinin yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kontrol\u00fcnde g\u00f6rev al\u0131yor. Kaufman\u2019\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131kla artan kortikal uyar\u0131lma bazal cilt iletkenli\u011fi ve EEG aras\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ili\u015fki oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndedir. Ak\u0131llarda soru i\u015fareti b\u0131rakan di\u011fer bir husus ise; uyu\u015fturucu veya \u00e7e\u015fitli ila\u00e7lar yoluyla limbik temporal b\u00f6lgeyi uyar\u0131p ilham verebilir mi? Cevap ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara g\u00f6re; evet. Lakin yarat\u0131c\u0131 kurgu yazmak, sadece n\u00f6rolojik de\u011fil bili\u015fsel temellere de dayanmaktad\u0131r. Bu do\u011frultuda ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yazma h\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 bili\u015fsel ihtiya\u00e7lardan kaynaklanabilece\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Duygusal, sosyal, entelekt\u00fcel \u015fekilde kendini g\u00f6steriyor. Hipergrafide iki farkl\u0131 n\u00f6rodavran\u0131\u015fsal anomali tespit edilmi\u015f, biri temporal lob epilepsilerinde sa\u011f hemiserebral inmelerin akut a\u015famas\u0131nda tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f ve bu durum Dostoyevsky\u2019i yazma n\u00f6betlerine itmi\u015ftir. Ortaya at\u0131lan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerden birisi budur. Geschwind Sendromu, be\u015f ki\u015filik \u00f6zelli\u011fi olu\u015fturur. Romanlar\u0131nda da bu ki\u015filiklere yer vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

     Freud ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131 histeroepilepsi ise ba\u015fka bir olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya atar. \u0130lk olas\u0131l\u0131k; babas\u0131n\u0131n vefat\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ba\u015flayan psikojenik n\u00f6betleri oldu\u011fu. (Fakat baz\u0131 biyografilerde yirmi be\u015f ya\u015f\u0131nda ilk n\u00f6bete yakaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgisi vard\u0131r.) Epileptik karakterini psikiyatrik-psikojenik tarzda yorumlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7ocuklu\u011funda i\u015fitsel hal\u00fcsinasyonlarla ba\u015f etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015f olabilir. Hatta edebi eserinin ilk bilimsel yorumunu yapan Tchich, Dostoyevsky\u2019in erken \u00e7ocukluk d\u00f6neminde hal\u00fcsinasyonlardan muzdarip oldu\u011funu dile getirmi\u015ftir ve psikopatolojide bu kadar kapsaml\u0131 deneyimlerini yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131kla ifade etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Arkada\u015f\u0131 Strakhov da, ondan korktu\u011funu, \u015fa\u015f\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman kendi hastal\u0131kl\u0131 ruh hallerini tarif etti\u011fini hissetti\u011fini s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Geschwind Sendromu- Hipergrafi \u00f6rne\u011fini g\u00f6steren bir g\u00f6rsel. Sayfan\u0131n her bo\u015f alan\u0131n\u0131 titizlikle doldurmu\u015f, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 dindarl\u0131k \u00e7izimleri yer alm\u0131\u015f.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Dostoyevsky’in detayl\u0131 yaz\u0131lar\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

      Sendroma ismini veren Gescwind, Freud\u2019un aksine temporal lob epilepsisi oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130nteriktal (n\u00f6betler aras\u0131) zamanda sendromun klasik \u00f6zellikleri g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpmaktad\u0131r. Hipergrafi, \u00f6zelliklerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelmektedir. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 detayc\u0131l\u0131k, dini kayg\u0131lar, fazla duygusall\u0131k ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00f6zelliklerdir. Kimi hastalar okuduklar\u0131n\u0131n defalarca farkl\u0131 kalemlerle alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izer, kimileri \u015fiirler, aforizmalar yazarlar. G\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 detayl\u0131 yazarlar. G\u00fcnl\u00fcklerinin belli zaman dilimlerinde \u00f6zetini \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rlar. Agresifle\u015febilirler. Gereksiz ayr\u0131nt\u0131larda bo\u011fulurlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc romanlar\u0131nda epileptik karakterler bolca yer bulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018\u2019Aptal\u2019\u2019 roman\u0131nda, prens karakteri, t\u0131pk\u0131 kendisinin aynas\u0131d\u0131r. Roman\u0131n konusu ise affetmek. Epileptik aura ve ataklardan muzdarip karakter herkesi affediyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

     B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlara ilave di\u011fer bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ise; Reyport ve Schell\u2019in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018\u2019Budala\u2019\u2019 roman\u0131 ile epilepsi semptomlar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Dostoyevsky, roman\u0131nda epilepsiden muzdarip \u0130sa benzeri bir fig\u00fcr\u00fc betimlemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    En b\u00fcy\u00fck roman\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u2018\u2019Karamazov Karde\u015fler\u2019\u2019de ise epilepsi kilit noktad\u0131r. Karakterin babas\u0131 defalarca \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr romanda. Karakter ise olay esnas\u0131nda satatus epilepticus mazeretini kullan\u0131r. Ama cinayetin ard\u0131ndan sahiden de epilepsisi k\u00f6t\u00fcye gider. Sigmund Freud da, Karamazov Karde\u015fler roman\u0131ndaki baba katilini, Dostoyevsky\u2019in babas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 nefretinden t\u00fcredi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

   Birbirini destekleyen ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n yan\u0131na \u00e7eli\u015fen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar da eklenmi\u015f nitekim ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n izlerinde b\u00fct\u00fcn olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r Dostoyevsky.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Ya\u015f\u0131 ilerledik\u00e7e daha a\u011f\u0131r ve s\u0131k epileptik ataklar ge\u00e7iren Dostoyevsky ayn\u0131 zamanda akci\u011fer hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na yakalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 9 \u015eubat 1881\u2019de eserlerini bize emanet edip, amfizem ya da t\u00fcberk\u00fcloz (net bilinememektedir) nedeniyle g\u00f6zlerini kapatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Sonu\u00e7 olarak ak\u0131llardaki soru; bu muhte\u015fem eserleri in\u015fa eden Dostoyevsky, sinirbilim ve edebiyat\u0131 m\u00fcnaka\u015faya sokan yazar, sanc\u0131l\u0131 n\u00f6betlerinin g\u00f6lgesinde mi yazd\u0131, epilepsi illeti mi onu zirveye ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131 yoksa ger\u00e7ek ki\u015fili\u011fi miydi? B\u00f6ylece evrenin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemeyen gizemine yeni bir soru daha eklenmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

   Kaynak\u00e7a;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.seizure-journal.com\/article\/S1059-1311(05)00066-X\/fulltext<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/15878292\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21893368\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2173580814000686https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2016\/01\/160121110913.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.notablebiographies.com\/De-Du\/Dostoevsky-Fyodor.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2011\/09\/110929122749.htmhttps:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/5D4w<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6rseller i\u00e7in;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/commons.m.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Fyodor_Dostoyevsky_1881_(cropped).jpg<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

   En dokunakl\u0131 romanlara imzas\u0131n\u0131 atan Rusya\u2019n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda kalmay\u0131p d\u00fcnyaya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini aktaran Rus roman yazar\u0131 Fyodor Mihaylovi\u00e7 Dostoyevsky. 11 Kas\u0131m<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":582,"featured_media":10776,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[2133,246,2134],"acf":[],"views":515,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10774"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/582"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10774"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10774\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10786,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10774\/revisions\/10786"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10776"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10774"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10774"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10774"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}