{"id":1120,"date":"2019-03-31T21:29:02","date_gmt":"2019-03-31T18:29:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=1120"},"modified":"2019-03-31T21:29:04","modified_gmt":"2019-03-31T18:29:04","slug":"tak-calistirduyu-otesi-bir-gelecek","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/tak-calistirduyu-otesi-bir-gelecek\/","title":{"rendered":"TAK-\u00c7ALI\u015eTIR:DUYU \u00d6TES\u0130 B\u0130R GELECEK"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Beynin\nplastisite \u00f6zelli\u011fi ve yeni girdilerin beyin taraf\u0131ndan yorumlanmas\u0131 ne t\u00fcr\nolanaklar sa\u011flar?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Temel\nduyulardan olu\u015fmu\u015f standart bir donan\u0131mla; i\u015fitme, dokunma, g\u00f6rme, koku, tat ve\nyan\u0131nda denge, titre\u015fim, s\u0131cakl\u0131k gibi ba\u015fka duyularla geliriz d\u00fcnyaya.Sahip\noldu\u011fumuz alg\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131lar \u00e7evremizin sinyallerini toplamam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flayan kap\u0131lard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak ger\u00e7eklik esas\u0131nda bizim alg\u0131layabildi\u011fimiz kadar\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fil. \u0130nsan g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. G\u00f6zlerimiz, \u201cg\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr \u0131\u015f\u0131k\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan, 390-700 nm dalga boyu aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe sahipken, radyo dalgalar\u0131n\u0131, X-\u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131, ultraviyole \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n dalga boyu d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan aral\u0131klar\u0131 alg\u0131layamaz(Asl\u0131nda g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz, bulunan\u0131n 10 trilyonda birinden daha az\u0131). Benzer \u015fekilde, duyma yetimiz de 20-20000 Hz ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Mevcut duyu resept\u00f6rlerimiz ile \u00e7evremizdeki d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kesitini deneyimleyebiliriz. \u0130lgili alg\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131lara sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in di\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn bilgi kaynaklar\u0131 ise bizim i\u00e7in g\u00f6r\u00fcnmezdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hayvanlar alemine g\u00f6z att\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, hayvan beyinlerince kullan\u0131lan \u00e7evresel alg\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n inan\u0131lmaz bir \u00e7e\u015fitlilik sergiledi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcrs\u00fcn\u00fcz.Y\u0131lanlar \u0131s\u0131 alg\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131rlar.Cam b\u0131\u00e7ak bal\u0131klar\u0131nda ortam\u0131n elektrik alan\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimleri yorumlamaya yarayan elektrik alg\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131, ku\u015flarda ise D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n manyetik alan\u0131na g\u00f6re y\u00f6nlenmelerini sa\u011flayan manyetit bulunur.Filler \u00e7ok uzun mesafelerdeki sesleri i\u015fitebilir, k\u00f6pekler de zengin kokularla dolu ger\u00e7eklik deneyimi ya\u015farlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Do\u011fal se\u00e7ilimin\neritme potas\u0131 olabilecek en muhte\u015fem programlama at\u00f6lyesidir.Kullanageldi\u011fimiz\nalg\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131lar karma\u015f\u0131k bir evrimsel bask\u0131lar tarihinden miras ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\n\u00f6zelliklerdir; onlara mahkum de\u011filiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu fikri ilkece destekleyen en temel kan\u0131t \u2018\u2019Duyusal De\u011fi\u015ftirim\u2019\u2019(Sensory Substitution) ad\u0131n\u0131 alan kavramdan gelir. Bu kavram,duyusal bilginin al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131k kanallar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla (\u00f6rne\u011fin,g\u00f6rmenin dokunma arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla) iletildi\u011fi durumlar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Beyin bu bilgiyle ne yapmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini bir \u015fekilde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler, verilerin hangi yolla geldi\u011fi \u00f6nemli de\u011fildir;\u00c7\u00dcNK\u00dc Beyniniz ne duyuyor, ne de g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Beyniniz kafatas\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n i\u00e7indeki sessiz ve karanl\u0131k kasan\u0131n i\u00e7inde kilitli. G\u00f6r\u00fcp g\u00f6rebilece\u011fi \u015fey, farkl\u0131 veri kablolar\u0131ndan gelen sinyaller ve tek i\u015fleyece\u011fi \u015fey bu, fazlas\u0131 de\u011fil.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

DUYUSAL DE\u011e\u0130\u015eT\u0130R\u0130M<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Duyusal de\u011fi\u015ftirim kavram\u0131 ilk bak\u0131\u015fta bilim kurgu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 yapsa da, asl\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a yerle\u015fik bir olgudur. Bununla ilgili ilk bulgular; Nature dergisinde <\/em>1969 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. N\u00f6robilimci Paul Bach-y Rita, makalesinde g\u00f6rme engelli deney kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n, nesneleri \u2018\u2019g\u00f6rmeyi\u2019\u2019 \u00f6\u011frenebildiklerini bildiriyordu. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmada g\u00f6rme engelliler, \u00fczerinde biraz de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir di\u015f\u00e7i koltu\u011funa oturtulmu\u015f, bir kameradan akan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler de s\u0131rtlar\u0131n\u0131n arka k\u0131sm\u0131na bas\u0131n\u00e7 uygulayan bir dizi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck pistonun dokunu\u015flar\u0131yla bir \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle kameran\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne bir daire tutacak olursan\u0131z, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 s\u0131rt\u0131nda bir dairenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hissedecek, kameran\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki bir y\u00fcz ise, s\u0131rt\u0131nda hissetti\u011fi bir y\u00fcze d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecekti. \u015ea\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r ki g\u00f6rme yetisini kaybetmi\u015f insanlar, nesneleri yorumlamay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f, yakla\u015fmakta olan nesnelerin boyut\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bile hissedebilmi\u015flerdi. Bu insanlar bir anlamda s\u0131rtlar\u0131yla g\u00f6rebilmekteydiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu, izleyen\nbir\u00e7ok duyusal de\u011fi\u015ftirim \u00f6rne\u011finden yaln\u0131zca birincisidir.Yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde\nyararlan\u0131lan uyarlamas\u0131 ise video ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir ses ak\u0131\u015f\u0131na, ya da al\u0131n veya dil\n\u00fczerindeki bir dizi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u015foka d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son duruma verilebilecek \u00f6rnek boyutlar\u0131 bir posta pulunu ge\u00e7meyecek BrainPort cihaz\u0131d\u0131r. Cihaz dil \u00fczerine yerle\u015ftirilen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, kafesli bir levha arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla dile \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck elektrik \u015foklar\u0131 verir.G\u00f6rme engelli ki\u015fi, \u00fczerinde bir kamera ba\u011fl\u0131 bulundu\u011fu g\u00fcne\u015f g\u00f6zl\u00fcklerini takar ve kamera pikselleri dil \u00fczerinde , gazl\u0131 bir i\u00e7ece\u011fin verdi\u011fi hisse benzer bir his veren k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck elektrik ak\u0131mlar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. BrainPort\u00a0 cihaz\u0131n\u0131 kullanan g\u00f6rme engelliler, zaman i\u00e7inde epeyce ustal\u0131k kazanarak engelli parkurlar\u0131nda dola\u015fabilir,hatta basket atar hale bile gelmektedir. Kaya t\u0131rman\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda bu cihazdan yararlanan Erik Weihenmayer ise, dilinde olu\u015fan \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerden yola \u00e7\u0131karak kayal\u0131k ve yar\u0131klar\u0131n konumunu belirleyebilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dille\n\u2018\u2019g\u00f6rmek\u2019\u2019 fikri size inan\u0131lmaz geliyorsa g\u00f6rme eyleminin, kafatas\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n\nkaranl\u0131\u011f\u0131na akan elektrik sinyallerinden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 akl\u0131n\u0131zda\ntutun,yeter. Bunun normalde g\u00f6rme sinyalleriyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi, bilgilerin ba\u015fka\nsinyalleri ile akamayaca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez.Duyusal de\u011fi\u015ftirim olgusunun\ng\u00f6sterdi\u011fi \u00fczere, beyin gelen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc veriyi al\u0131r ve onunla ne yapabilece\u011fini\nhesaplar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir ba\u015fka proje ise sinirbilimci David Eagleman y\u00fcksek lisans \u00f6\u011frencisi Scott Novich ile birlikte y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc duyusal de\u011fi\u015ftirme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 :VEST<\/strong>(Variable Extra-Sensory Transducer) ad\u0131 verilen bir t\u00fcr yelek. Normal giysilerin alt\u0131na, g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpmayacak \u015fekilde giyilebilen VEST, titre\u015fimli k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck motorlarla kaplanm\u0131\u015f durumda. Bu motorlar veri ak\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 v\u00fccut boyunca yay\u0131lan dinamik titre\u015fim \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcyor. VEST\u2019in amac\u0131, i\u015fitme engellilerin i\u015fitmesini sa\u011flamak.Do\u011fu\u015ftan i\u015fitme engelli olan bir ki\u015fi, VEST ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k be\u015f g\u00fcn boyunca kulland\u0131ktan sonra, konu\u015fulan s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri do\u011fru olarak belirleyebiliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BEY\u0130N B\u0130LG\u0130Y\u0130 ALDI\u011eI S\u00dcRECE, NASIL ALDI\u011eI UMRUNDA DE\u011e\u0130LD\u0130R.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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