{"id":11326,"date":"2022-06-09T09:39:48","date_gmt":"2022-06-09T06:39:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=11326"},"modified":"2022-06-09T15:26:55","modified_gmt":"2022-06-09T12:26:55","slug":"tababetin-iki-diregi-arastirma-ve-etik","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/tababetin-iki-diregi-arastirma-ve-etik\/","title":{"rendered":"<strong>Tababetin \u0130ki Dire\u011fi : Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve Etik<\/strong><strong><\/strong>"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Tababetin varolu\u015fundan itibaren ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve geli\u015ftirme en temel unsurlardan biri olmu\u015ftur. Hipokrat, Galen, Ibni Sina ve daha bir\u00e7ok isim t\u0131p alan\u0131nda ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131p, yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 hem yaz\u0131l\u0131 hem s\u00f6zl\u00fc kendinden sonrakilere aktarm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u015e\u00fcphesiz ki sunulan bulgular modern t\u0131pta var olan bilgilerin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Peki senelerdir var olan bir alana etik gibi \u00f6nemli ve k\u0131smen g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmi\u015f bir alan nas\u0131l girdi? Etik, \u00f6zetle ahlak felsefesidir ve \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc Aristo\u2019dur. Zaman ilerledik\u00e7e toplumun her y\u00f6n\u00fcne dahil olan etik prati\u011fi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz \u015fekilde t\u0131p alan\u0131na da ad\u0131m atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gerek klinikte gerekse ara\u015ft\u0131rma k\u0131sm\u0131nda gerekli bir par\u00e7a olan etik, yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda ve uygulamalarda elzem olan bir ahlaki limit olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ara\u015ft\u0131rma eti\u011fi ise II.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Nazi deneyleri ve sonras\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanan Nuremberg Kodlar\u0131 ile bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131na k\u00f6klerini yaym\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Almanya\u2019da yap\u0131lan bu deneyler sonras\u0131 form\u00fcle edilen bu kodlar Ara\u015ft\u0131rma eti\u011finin temelini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Bir yenilik olarak bu kodlar \u201cAyd\u0131nlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Onam\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 hayat\u0131m\u0131za sokmu\u015ftur. Bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma i\u00e7in g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olmu\u015f birinin yaz\u0131l\u0131 ve s\u00f6zl\u00fc r\u0131zas\u0131 al\u0131nmadan ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya dahil edilmesi b\u00f6ylelikle engellenmi\u015ftir. Nuremberg kodlar\u0131n\u0131n bir ba\u015fka de\u011ferli katk\u0131s\u0131 da yarar zarar oran\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesi olmu\u015ftur. Ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc deneklere ve de topluma yarardan \u00e7ok zarar\u0131 olacak ise bu ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi savunulmu\u015ftur. Peki tarihte her ara\u015ft\u0131rma bu kodlara uymu\u015f mudur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu sorunun cevabi tabii ki hay\u0131r. Aksine ge\u00e7mi\u015fte yap\u0131lan sayg\u0131de\u011fer ve de maliyetli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda bile ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f onam\u0131n eksikli\u011fi ve de bunun \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kan etik ve hukuki ihlalleri g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Tuskegee Sifiliz Deneyi, Milgram Deneyi ve de Stanford Hapishane Deneyi ara\u015ft\u0131rma eti\u011fi ihlallerinin en \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6rnekleri olmu\u015ftur. Bir hekimin ya da ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131n\u0131n yapmas\u0131 gereken \u015feyler nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 yarar\u0131n zarar\u0131ndan fazla olmas\u0131ndan emin olmak<\/li><li>G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc ki\u015finin ara\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131na emin olmak<\/li><li>Ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f onam almak<\/li><li>S\u00fcre\u00e7 boyunca g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcler ile ileti\u015fim i\u00e7inde bulunmak<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Sonu\u00e7 olarak t\u0131p, ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve etik ayr\u0131lamaz. Gerek hekimlik uygulamalar\u0131nda gerekse de ara\u015ft\u0131rma esnas\u0131nda etik s\u0131n\u0131rlara her zaman uyulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Etik, hekimleri ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131 hukuki yapt\u0131r\u0131mlardan korur ve de toplum ahlakini daha iyi anlam\u0131\u015f ki\u015filer yapar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kaynak\u00e7a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unlv.edu\/research\/ORI-HSR\/history-ethics\">https:\/\/www.unlv.edu\/research\/ORI-HSR\/history-ethics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.niehs.nih.gov\/research\/resources\/bioethics\/whatis\/index.cfm\">https:\/\/www.niehs.nih.gov\/research\/resources\/bioethics\/whatis\/index.cfm<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tababetin varolu\u015fundan itibaren ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve geli\u015ftirme en temel unsurlardan biri olmu\u015ftur. Hipokrat, Galen, Ibni Sina ve daha bir\u00e7ok isim t\u0131p<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1133,"featured_media":11329,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1,2171],"tags":[255,76,66],"acf":[],"views":317,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11326"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1133"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11326"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11326\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11328,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11326\/revisions\/11328"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11329"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11326"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11326"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11326"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}