{"id":1163,"date":"2019-04-07T15:52:02","date_gmt":"2019-04-07T12:52:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=1163"},"modified":"2019-04-07T16:04:05","modified_gmt":"2019-04-07T13:04:05","slug":"__trashed-6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/__trashed-6\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00dcCUDUN GER\u0130 D\u00d6N\u00dc\u015e\u00dcM MEKAN\u0130ZMASI: OTOFAJ\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

2016 Nobel T\u0131p \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019ne, kanser ve parkinson gibi hastal\u0131klar\u0131n daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc Japon bilim insan\u0131 YoshinoriOhsumi lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. 71 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Ohsumi, Nobel T\u0131p \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc \u201dotofaji\u201d \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sayesinde kazand\u0131.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

NED\u0130R?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Otofaji<\/strong> (otofagositoz) kelimesi;aut\u00f3phagos\n\u201ckendi kendini yemek\u201d ve k\u00fdtos \u201coyuk\u201d Yunanca kelimelerinin birle\u015fmesinden\nolu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Otofajinin genel prensibi,\nv\u00fccudun geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme mekanizmas\u0131 gibi i\u015fleyerek bozulan h\u00fccrelerin\nbulunmas\u0131na ve bu h\u00fccrelerden ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan yararl\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlardan enerji elde\nedilerek yeni h\u00fccrelerin yarat\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu mekanizma sayesinde v\u00fccut kanseri ve diyabet gibi hastal\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6nleyebilmekte, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 metabolizmay\u0131 korunmaktad\u0131r. Mekanizman\u0131n bozulmas\u0131 ise Parkinson, diyabet, kanser ve di\u011fer baz\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131 tetikleyebilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NASIL KE\u015eFED\u0130LD\u0130?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

50 ve 60\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bu kavram; ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan ilk g\u00f6zlendi\u011finde h\u00fccrenin,lizozom ad\u0131 verilen \u00e7uval benzeri kesecikler olu\u015fturarak kendi i\u00e7eri\u011fini par\u00e7alamak i\u00e7in geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm b\u00f6lmesine ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve orada yok edebildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

90\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda, Ohsumiekmek mayas\u0131 kullanarak geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi\ny\u00f6ntem sayesinde otofajide rol oynayan genleri tespit etti. Daha sonras\u0131nda mayalarda otofaji\nalt\u0131nda yatan mekanizmalara \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutacak ve bu karma\u015f\u0131k d\u00fczene\u011fin bir\nbenzerinin bizim h\u00fccrelerimizde de kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ohsumi\u2019nin ke\u015fifleri h\u00fccre i\u00e7eri\u011findeki geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini anlamam\u0131za yeni bir yakla\u015f\u0131m getirdi. Bu ke\u015fif a\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z uyum ve enfeksiyona verdi\u011fimiz yan\u0131t gibi pek \u00e7ok ya\u015famsal s\u00fcre\u00e7te otofajinin temel \u00f6nemini anlamam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

NOBEL \u00d6D\u00dcL\u00dc\u2019NE G\u00d6T\u00dcREN DENEY<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ohsumi \u00e7e\u015fitli ara\u015ft\u0131rma alanlar\u0131nda faaliyetlerde bulunmu\u015ftu fakat 1988\u2019de kendi laboratuvar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flay\u0131nca insan h\u00fccrelerindeki lizozoma kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen, proteinleri par\u00e7alayan, bir h\u00fccre birimi \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya odakland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun i\u00e7in maya h\u00fccrelerini tercih etti, maya h\u00fccrelerini incelemek nispeten daha kolayd\u0131 ve genellikle insan h\u00fccrelerinin modellemesinde kullan\u0131labilmekteydi. Bunlar \u00f6zellikle karma\u015f\u0131k h\u00fccresel s\u00fcre\u00e7lerde \u00f6nemi olan genlerin tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131nda yararl\u0131 olmaktayd\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fakat Ohsumi i\u00e7in bu ayn\u0131 zamanda zorlu bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 anlam\u0131na geliyordu; maya h\u00fccreleri k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fc ve i\u00e7 yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n mikroskop alt\u0131nda ay\u0131rt edilmesi kolay de\u011fildi. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu organizmada otofajinin var olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bile emin de\u011fildi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ohsumi h\u00fccre birimindeki otofaji i\u015flemi aktifken par\u00e7alanma i\u015flemini kesintiye u\u011fratmay\u0131 ak\u0131l etti. Bu sayede otofagozomlar h\u00fccre birimi i\u00e7inde birikmeli ve mikroskop alt\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir hale gelmeliydi. Bu ama\u00e7la maya h\u00fccrelerini bir kimyasala maruz b\u0131rakarak genleri bozulmu\u015f, par\u00e7alama enzimleri\neksik maya h\u00fccrelerinden bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr olu\u015fturdu ve e\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak h\u00fccreleri a\u00e7\nb\u0131rakarak otofajiyi uyard\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7lar \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131yd\u0131! Saatler i\u00e7erisinde h\u00fccre birimi par\u00e7alanmam\u0131\u015f k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck keseciklerle dolmu\u015ftu. Bu kesecikler otofagozomlard\u0131 ve Ohsumi\u2019nin deneyi maya h\u00fccrelerinde otofajinin var oldu\u011funu ispat etmi\u015fti. Fakat daha da \u00f6nemlisi bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te anahtar rol oynayan genleri tan\u0131mlayacak yeni bir y\u00f6ntem bulmu\u015ftu ve bu b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131r\u0131lma noktas\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 1992\u2019de yay\u0131mlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

OTOFAJ\u0130 OLMAZSA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ohsumi sayesinde otofajinin ya\u015famsal i\u015flevlerdeki \u00f6nemli\nrol\u00fcn\u00fc ve h\u00fccresel bile\u015fenlerin par\u00e7alanma ve geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerindeki\ng\u00f6revini biliyoruz. Otofaji h\u00fccresel bile\u015fenlerin yenilenmesi i\u00e7in h\u0131zl\u0131 bir\n\u015fekilde gerekli yap\u0131 ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ve enerjinin temininde g\u00f6rev almakta, b\u00f6ylece\na\u00e7l\u0131k ve herhangi bir uyar\u0131m durumunda h\u00fccresel yan\u0131t al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Enfeksiyondan sonra, otofaji h\u00fccre i\u00e7i bakteri ve\nvir\u00fcsleri yok edebilmektedir. Otofaji embriyo geli\u015fimi<\/strong> ve h\u00fccre\nfarkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunuyor. H\u00fccreler ayn\u0131 zamanda hasar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f\nproteinleri ve h\u00fccre birimlerini ortadan kald\u0131rarak ya\u015flanman\u0131n olumsuz\nsonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleme konusunda kritik bir kontrol mekanizmas\u0131 g\u00f6revi \u00fcstleniyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Otofajinin kesintiye u\u011framas\u0131 durumunda ise Parkinson<\/strong>Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, Tip 2 Diyabet<\/strong> ve di\u011fer rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar ileri ya\u015flarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Otofaji genlerindeki bozukluklar\u0131n genetik hastal\u0131klara neden oldu\u011fu bilinmekte, otofajik mekanizmadaki bozukluklar ayn\u0131 zamanda kanser<\/strong>le ili\u015fkilendirilmektedir. \u00c7e\u015fitli hastal\u0131klardaki otofajiyi hedef alan ila\u00e7lar\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesi de son zamanlardaki yo\u011fun ara\u015ft\u0131rma konular\u0131ndan biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Otofaji 50 y\u0131ldan uzun bir s\u00fcredir bilinmesine kar\u015f\u0131n ya\u015famsal ve t\u0131p alan\u0131ndaki temel \u00f6nemi 90\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda Ohsumi\u2019nin ezber bozan ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 ile ge\u00e7erlilik kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

B\u0130R YA\u015eAM B\u0130\u00c7\u0130M\u0130: OTOFAJ\u0130 D\u0130YET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pittsburgh Medical Center\u2019da \u0131\u015f\u0131n terapisti olarak\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta olan Yrd. Do\u00e7. Dr. ColinChamp, bu s\u00fcreci \u201cV\u00fccudunuzun do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen\ngeri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm program\u0131\u201d olarak g\u00f6rmektedir. Benzer \u015fekilde, \u201cOtofaji, bizleri\neski par\u00e7alardan kolayca kurtulabilecek, kanserli b\u00fcy\u00fcmelere ve obezite,\ndiyabet gibi metabolik bozukluklara etkili bir \u015fekilde dur diyebilecek birer\n\u00e7ark haline getiriyor.\u201d diye belirtiyor Champ.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayn\u0131 zamanda, bu s\u00fcrecin inflamasyonu ve ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k\nsistemini kontrol alt\u0131nda tuttu\u011funa dair da \u00f6nemli say\u0131da kan\u0131t bulunmaktad\u0131r.\nBilim insanlar\u0131, otofaji s\u00fcreci i\u015flemeyen farelerle deney yapt\u0131klar\u0131nda,\nbu farelerin di\u011ferlerine g\u00f6re daha kilolu ve daha uykulu olduklar\u0131n\u0131;\nkolesterol oranlar\u0131n\u0131n daha y\u00fcksek seviyelerde seyretti\u011fini ve beyinlerinin\nb\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde hasar oldu\u011funu g\u00f6zlemlemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zetle s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, ya\u015flanmay\u0131 durdurman\u0131n yolu otofajiden ge\u00e7iyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6Z YIKIMA G\u0130DEN 3 YOL<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7o\u011fu zaman oldu\u011fu gibi, k\u0131sa vadeli\nrahats\u0131zl\u0131k uzun vadede bir\u00e7ok fayday\u0131 beraberinde getirir. Otofajiyi, yani\nv\u00fccudunuzun kendi kendini yemesini kuvvetlendirmek i\u00e7in temel olarak \u00fc\u00e7 yol\nbulunuyor. Bunlardan ilki egzersiz yapmak, ikincisi belirli aral\u0131klarla a\u00e7\nkalmak ve sonuncusu karbonhidrat al\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burada \u00fczerinde durulmas\u0131 gereken bir nokta bulunmakta ki o da stres ve \u00f6z y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n ya\u015fam s\u00fcresini uzatt\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. \u201cK\u0131tl\u0131k, a\u00e7l\u0131k gibi stresli zamanlarda nas\u0131l hayatta kald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z asl\u0131nda atalar\u0131m\u0131zdan bize aktar\u0131ld\u0131 ve evrimsel olarak geli\u015fti. Elbette a\u00e7l\u0131k ve egzersizin fazlas\u0131 bizi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr; ancak biz as\u0131rlar \u00f6ncesinde v\u00fccudumuzun bunlarla ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zellikleri ve mekanizmalar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bu yol ve y\u00f6ntemleri uyarlayarak nas\u0131l fayda sa\u011flayabilece\u011fimizi \u00f6\u011frendik.\u201d diyor Champ.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.gercekbilim.com\/2016-nobel-tip-odulu-otofaji-ohsumi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.drozdogan.com\/2016-nobel-tip-odulu-otofaji-calismalari-ile-yoshinori-ohsumiye-verildi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.noonmiwhittel.com\/autophagy-to-fruit-or-not-to-fruit\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/habit.com.tr\/otofaji-vucudunuzu-arindirmanin-ger\u00e7ek-yolu\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/pilotfire.com\/cannibalism-16-foods-to-stop-sucking-your-vitality\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

2016 Nobel T\u0131p \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019ne, kanser ve parkinson gibi hastal\u0131klar\u0131n daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc Japon bilim insan\u0131 YoshinoriOhsumi lay\u0131k<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":53,"featured_media":1177,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"acf":[],"views":2685,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1163"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/53"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1163"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1163\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1191,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1163\/revisions\/1191"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1177"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1163"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1163"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1163"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}