{"id":11840,"date":"2022-07-09T16:46:04","date_gmt":"2022-07-09T13:46:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=11840"},"modified":"2022-07-09T16:46:07","modified_gmt":"2022-07-09T13:46:07","slug":"bir-cag-acan-yapi-tasi-nuremberg-kodlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/tip-etik\/bir-cag-acan-yapi-tasi-nuremberg-kodlari\/","title":{"rendered":"<strong>Bir \u00c7a\u011f A\u00e7an Yap\u0131 Ta\u015f\u0131: Nuremberg Kodlar\u0131<\/strong>"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Hi\u00e7 \u015fu anda kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z etik yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n neye dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 merak ettiniz mi? Zaman boyu yap\u0131lan etik alan\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri temeli nedir? Tarih boyu oldu\u011fu gibi bu de\u011fi\u015fimler de bir sefalete mi dayan\u0131yor? Hepimiz \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Nazi deneylerini duymu\u015fuzdur. Peki bu deneyler bizim i\u00e7in ne ifade ediyor? \u0130nsan haklar\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7e sayarak yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bu deneyler t\u0131p ve hukuk camias\u0131nda bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k olmu\u015ftur ve de gelecekte yap\u0131lacak olan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar i\u00e7in belli kurallar koyulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte bu kurallar Nuremberg Kodlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1947 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan bu kodlar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz ara\u015ft\u0131rma eti\u011finin temelini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde Almanya\u2019da yap\u0131lan insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 deneylerin hukuki s\u00fcre\u00e7leri sonunda, mahkemede 10 karar al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve de bu kararlar Nuremberg Kodlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nuremberg Kodlar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli ve yenilik\u00e7i maddeleri:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u0130nsan \u00f6znenin g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc r\u0131zas\u0131 kesinlikle esast\u0131r. Bu, ilgili ki\u015finin r\u0131za vermek i\u00e7in yasal kapasiteye sahip olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir; herhangi bir g\u00fc\u00e7, sahtekarl\u0131k, aldatma, bask\u0131, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 eri\u015fim veya di\u011fer gizli k\u0131s\u0131tlama veya zorlama unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcdahalesi olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, \u00f6zg\u00fcr se\u00e7im g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc uygulayabilecek \u015fekilde yerle\u015ftirilmelidir ve ilgili konunun unsurlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda anlay\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ve ayd\u0131nlat\u0131c\u0131 bir karar vermesini sa\u011flayacak kadar yeterli bilgi ve anlay\u0131\u015fa sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ikinci unsur, deney dene\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan olumlu bir karar\u0131n kabul edilmesinden \u00f6nce; deneyin do\u011fas\u0131, s\u00fcresi ve amac\u0131n\u0131n kendisine bildirilmesini gerektirir; ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilece\u011fi y\u00f6ntem ve ara\u00e7lar, makul olarak beklenebilecek t\u00fcm rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar ve tehlikeler ve deneye kat\u0131lmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanabilecek sa\u011fl\u0131k veya ki\u015fi \u00fczerindeki etkiler, r\u0131zan\u0131n kalitesini tespit etme g\u00f6rev ve sorumlulu\u011fu; deneyi ba\u015flatan, y\u00f6neten veya deneye kat\u0131lan her bireye aittir. Cezas\u0131z bir \u015fekilde ba\u015fkas\u0131na devredilemeyecek ki\u015fisel bir g\u00f6rev ve sorumluluktur.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Deney; toplumun iyili\u011fi i\u00e7in verimli sonu\u00e7lar verecek, ba\u015fka y\u00f6ntemlerle veya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ara\u00e7lar\u0131yla sa\u011flanamayacak ve do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi rastgele ve gereksiz olmayacak \u015fekilde olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Nuremberg Kodlar\u0131n\u0131n bizim i\u00e7in en \u00f6nemli getirisi \u201cAyd\u0131nlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Onam\u201d ve de \u201cYarar-Zarar\u201d ili\u015fkisidir. Ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f onam fakt\u00f6r\u00fc ara\u015ft\u0131rma eti\u011finin ve de klinik eti\u011finin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde vazge\u00e7ilmez unsuru olmu\u015ftur. Bu madde sayesinde ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya kat\u0131lan g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fclerin r\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131 hem s\u00f6zl\u00fc hem de yaz\u0131l\u0131 almak zorunlu hale getirilirmi\u015ftir, bu yenilik ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n ve hekimlerin olas\u0131 etik veya hukuki sorunlar uzakla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yarar-Zarar dengesi ise ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n topluma sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 faydan\u0131n zarardan \u00fcst\u00fcn olmas\u0131n\u0131 desteklemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Her hekimin ya da ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131n\u0131n bu maddeleri bilmesi ve uygulamas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Herhangi bir etik problemin olu\u015fmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcden ve\/veya hastadan ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f onam al\u0131nmas\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nuremberg Kodlar\u0131 o kadar \u00f6nemli ki modern ilkeci etik yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 temelini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f onam, yarar sa\u011flama ve zarar vermeme ilkelerinin kayna\u011f\u0131 olan bu kodlar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve klinik eti\u011fine \u00e7ok de\u011ferli katk\u0131lar sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kaynak\u00e7a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0887899421002423\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29083578\/\n<\/div><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hi\u00e7 \u015fu anda kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z etik yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n neye dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 merak ettiniz mi? Zaman boyu yap\u0131lan etik alan\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri temeli nedir? Tarih<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1133,"featured_media":11841,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[2171],"tags":[2230,255],"acf":[],"views":415,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11840"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1133"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11840"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11840\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11843,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11840\/revisions\/11843"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11841"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11840"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11840"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11840"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}