{"id":12925,"date":"2022-10-04T21:05:35","date_gmt":"2022-10-04T18:05:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=12925"},"modified":"2022-10-04T21:05:39","modified_gmt":"2022-10-04T18:05:39","slug":"fish-testi-ve-genetige-katkisi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/fish-testi-ve-genetige-katkisi\/","title":{"rendered":"FISH Testi Ve Geneti\u011fe Katk\u0131s\u0131\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u0130nsan v\u00fccudu, normal h\u00fccrelerde bulunan 46 kromozom boyunca dizilen DNA molek\u00fcllerinde i\u015flev g\u00f6recek t\u00fcm bilgileri i\u00e7erir. Fakat bazen h\u00fccrelerde kromozom say\u0131s\u0131nda veya \u015feklinde\u00a0\u00a0kanserden veya prenatal mutasyondan kaynaklanan hatalar olu\u015fabilir. Baz\u0131 insanlarda bu kromozomal anomaliler bulunsa da\u00a0\u00a0anomali ki\u015finin\u00a0\u00a0genetik materyalinde bir kazan\u00e7 veya kay\u0131pla sonu\u00e7lanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda birey sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir hayat s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilir .Hastal\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lanan mutasyonlar\u0131n saptanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ise kullan\u0131lan y\u00f6ntemlerden biri FISH \u2018tir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION (FISH)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3>Nedir<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization(FISH) kromozom \u00fczerinde belirli bir DNA dizisini saptamak ve yerle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan molek\u00fcler sitogenetik bir tekniktir. Genetik hastal\u0131klar\u0131 te\u015fhis etmek, gen haritalamak ve kromozomal anormallikleri tan\u0131mlanman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ilgili t\u00fcrlerin genlerinin kromozom d\u00fczenlemeleri aras\u0131ndaki kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 incelemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>FISH\u2019in kromozomda saptayabilece\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fiklikler aras\u0131nda duplikasyon (bir kromozom par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n fazladan kopyalar\u0131 olmas\u0131), delesyon (Bir k\u0131s\u0131m\u0131n eksik olmas\u0131),inversiyon (bir par\u00e7an\u0131n 180\u00ba ters \u00e7evrilmesi), translokasyon (kromozomun bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ba\u015fka bir kromozoma ba\u011flanmas\u0131) ve anormal kromozom say\u0131s\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/99\/FISH_Confirmation_of_a_Human-Specific_Duplication_of_a_Gene_Cluster_on_Chromosome_5q13.3_Detected_by_Interspecies_cDNA_aCGH_-_journal.pbio.0020207.g003.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"735\" height=\"505\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h3>Nas\u0131l \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu y\u00f6ntemde\u00a0\u00a0bir bireyden al\u0131nan tam kromozom seti bir cam lam \u00fczerine yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve floresan boya ile etiketlenmi\u015f tek iplikli DNA par\u00e7alar\u0131na\u00a0\u00a0(DNA problar\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r)maruz b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r. Hibridizasyon denen bir i\u015flemle floresan bir boya ile i\u015faretlenmi\u015f problar\u00a0\u00a0ilgili h\u00fccrelere ba\u011flan\u0131r. Problar h\u00fccrelerdeki kromozomlara ba\u011fland\u0131ktan sonra, fl\u00fcoresan \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131nda parlarlar ve herhangi bir kromozomal farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130ncelenecek b\u00f6lgeye g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fen 3 \u00e7e\u015fit prob t\u00fcr\u00fc vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Lokusa \u00f6zg\u00fc problar belirli bir genin nerede bulundu\u011funu ve o genin kopya say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 belirlemeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olurlar.&nbsp;Bu problar \u00f6zellikle hem metafaz hem de interfazdaki translokasyonlar\u0131n, inversiyonlar\u0131n ve delesyonlar\u0131n tespiti i\u00e7in kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Alphoid problar\u0131 veya centromerik tekrar problar\u0131, kromozom say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bir kromozomda herhangi bir genetik materyalin eksik olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in lokusa \u00f6zg\u00fc problarla birle\u015ftirilebilirler.L\u00f6semilerde ve kat\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00f6rlerde monozomi, trizomi ve di\u011fer an\u00f6ploidilerin saptanmas\u0131nda sentromere \u00f6zg\u00fc problar\u0131n faydalar\u0131 da g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilemez<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;T\u00fcm kromozom problar\u0131 ise&nbsp;&nbsp;bir kromozoma kendi floresan imzas\u0131n\u0131 vermek i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 renk boyalar\u0131 ile birka\u00e7 probun bir kombinasyonunu kullan\u0131r. Bunlar, metafazda sitolojik olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilen yap\u0131sal ve say\u0131sal kromozom d\u00fczenlemesini belirgin hale getirerek translokasyon gibi anormallikleri vurgulayabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/96\/Fish_analysis_di_george_syndrome.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"884\" height=\"663\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h2>Tespit Edilen Hastal\u0131klar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3>Kromozomal Anormalliklerin Do\u011fum \u00d6ncesi Tespiti<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Prenatal tan\u0131, do\u011fmam\u0131\u015f fet\u00fcste sa\u011fl\u0131k ve konjenital anormallikleri belirlemek i\u00e7in kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir. Amniyotik s\u0131v\u0131 al\u0131narak yap\u0131lan testte bulunan anomalilerden yayg\u0131n olanlar\u0131 aras\u0131na 13. Kromozomun fazladan kopyas\u0131ndan kaynaklanan Patau sendromu, 18. Kromozomun fazladan kopyas\u0131ndan kaynaklanan Edward sendromu ve 21. Kromozomun fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kaynaklanan\u00a0\u00a0Down sendromu yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 Hastal\u0131klar\u0131n Tespiti<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>FISH, a\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011fu ve gastrointestinal floradaki mikrobiyal topluluklar\u0131n\u00a0\u00a0i\u00e7indeki patojenleri tespit etmek i\u00e7in filogenetik gruba \u00f6zg\u00fc 16S ribozomal RNA (rRNA) kullanmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0Benzer \u015fekilde solunum yolu enfeksiyonlar\u0131ndaki patojenleri tespit etmek ve kan k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinde patojenik mikroorganizmalar\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in cinse ve t\u00fcre \u00f6zg\u00fc oligon\u00fckleotit problar\u0131ndan yarar sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. Tespit edilebilen hastal\u0131klar aras\u0131nda s\u0131tma, Babesioz ve T\u00fcberk\u00fcloz bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Kanserin Tespiti<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>FISH ,akci\u011fer ,yumurtal\u0131k,meme,beyin,mesane,kolon ve prostat kanseri ile&nbsp;&nbsp;ili\u015fkili kromozomal anormallikleri tespit etmek i\u00e7in yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin HER2 pozitif meme kanseri, HER2 geninin fazladan kopyalar\u0131na sahiptir ve fazladan gen kopyalar\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmek i\u00e7in biyopsi s\u0131ras\u0131nda al\u0131nan meme kanseri dokusu \u00fczerinde FISH testi yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>FISH ayr\u0131ca kanserleri tespit etmede daha y\u00fcksek duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa sahiptir.\u00a0Mesane kanseri durumunda, FISH rutin sitolojiden %50 daha y\u00fcksek duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ,\u00a0akut l\u00f6semi te\u015fhisi i\u00e7in ise daha hassas ve g\u00fcvenilir bir tekni\u011fe sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/12\/FISH_Her2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"688\" height=\"688\" \/><figcaption>Meme kanseri h\u00fccrelerinde HER2 gen amplifikasyonu<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h2>FISH\u2019in Avantajlar\u0131 Ve Dezavantajlar\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Zamanla yar\u0131\u015f\u0131lan kanser tedavilerinde h\u0131zl\u0131 tan\u0131 koymak ve tedaviye ba\u015flamak hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r .FISH testi i\u00e7in malzemeler&nbsp;&nbsp;4-24 saat i\u00e7inde i\u015flenebilmesi&nbsp;&nbsp;ve 1000-2000 h\u00fccrenin analizi 15-45 dakikada tamamlanabilmesi yeterli bir zaman \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde t\u00fcm\u00f6r h\u00fccrelerinin sitogenetik modeline ili\u015fkin bilgilerin elde edilmesini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lar.&nbsp;B\u00f6l\u00fcnmeyen h\u00fccrelerde kromozom anormalliklerini inceleme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ise do\u011frudan g\u00f6rselle\u015ftirebilme yetene\u011fi sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Var olan en b\u00fcy\u00fck dezavantaj\u0131 ise FISH\u2019in yaln\u0131zca bilinen dengesizlikleri tespit edebilmesinden kaynaklan\u0131r.&nbsp;Lokusa \u00f6zg\u00fc problar veya kromozoma \u00f6zg\u00fc DNA kitapl\u0131klar\u0131 ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan FISH analizi&nbsp;&nbsp;kromozomal de\u011fi\u015fiklikler i\u00e7in bir tarama testi olarak hizmet edemez. Bunun yan\u0131nda FISH testi deneyimli personel gerektirir, bu nedenle do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f protokollerin geli\u015ftirilmesi pahal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>Kaynaklar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-11676-w\">https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-11676-w<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.genome.gov\/about-genomics\/fact-sheets\/Fluorescence-In-Situ-Hybridization\">https:\/\/www.genome.gov\/about-genomics\/fact-sheets\/Fluorescence-In-Situ-Hybridization<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancercenter.com\/treatment-options\/precision-medicine\/genetic-testing\/fish-test\">https:\/\/www.cancercenter.com\/treatment-options\/precision-medicine\/genetic-testing\/fish-test<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancerresearchuk.org\/about-cancer\/cancer-in-general\/tests\/fish\">https:\/\/www.cancerresearchuk.org\/about-cancer\/cancer-in-general\/tests\/fish<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.genome.gov\/genetics-glossary\/Fluorescence-In-Situ-Hybridization\">https:\/\/www.genome.gov\/genetics-glossary\/Fluorescence-In-Situ-Hybridization<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7122835\/\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7122835\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.news-medical.net\/life-sciences\/Applications-of-FISH.aspx\">https:\/\/www.news-medical.net\/life-sciences\/Applications-of-FISH.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biohorizons\/article\/3\/1\/85\/228880\">https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biohorizons\/article\/3\/1\/85\/228880<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0130nsan v\u00fccudu, normal h\u00fccrelerde bulunan 46 kromozom boyunca dizilen DNA molek\u00fcllerinde i\u015flev g\u00f6recek t\u00fcm bilgileri i\u00e7erir. Fakat bazen h\u00fccrelerde kromozom<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1114,"featured_media":12926,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1,2173,20],"tags":[1413,73,1391,2388,2384,2385,149,115,55,76,2389,2386,265,84,66],"acf":[],"views":997,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12925"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1114"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12925"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12925\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12927,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12925\/revisions\/12927"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12926"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12925"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12925"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12925"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}