{"id":14459,"date":"2023-10-30T22:25:46","date_gmt":"2023-10-30T19:25:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=14459"},"modified":"2024-01-19T14:27:16","modified_gmt":"2024-01-19T11:27:16","slug":"thales-doga-felsefesinin-babasi-buyuk-miletli","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/thales-doga-felsefesinin-babasi-buyuk-miletli\/","title":{"rendered":"Thales: Do\u011fa Felsefesinin Babas\u0131, B\u00fcy\u00fck Miletli"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Herodot\u2019un yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re deyi\u015fleriyle \u00fcnl\u00fc 7 bilgeden biri olan Thales hem Milet okulunun kurucusu hem de do\u011fa felsefesinin; yani olgular\u0131 tanr\u0131sal,mitolojik sebeplerden ziyade do\u011fayla a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fcyd\u00fc. Hayat\u0131 boyunca bir\u00e7ok alanda ad\u0131ndan s\u00f6z ettirmi\u015f ve \u00e7e\u015fitli geleneklerce bir s\u00fcr\u00fc farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde sunulmu\u015f Thales\u2019i incelemek i\u00e7in de bir\u00e7ok alt ba\u015fl\u0131k a\u00e7mam\u0131z gerekti\u011fi \u015f\u00fcphesiz bir ger\u00e7ek. Okurlar\u0131 \u00f6nceden uyarmam gerekir ki Thales hakk\u0131nda maalesef birinci elden bir kaynak yoktur ve bilgilerin hepsi d\u00f6nemin baz\u0131 doksograflar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan aktar\u0131lanlardan ibarettir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Milet nas\u0131l bir yerdi?<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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K\u0131saca anlatmak gerekirse Milet (G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Ayd\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6lge) M\u0131s\u0131r ve Babil\u2019le \u00e7ok\u00e7a ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 bulunan ve s\u0131n\u0131f ayr\u0131mlar\u0131yla beraber bir\u00e7ok siyasi devinim ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f bir ticaret kentiydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thales\u2019in do\u011fumu ve soyu<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Milattan \u00f6nce yakla\u015f\u0131k 625-548 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilen Thales, baba taraf\u0131ndan Karial\u0131 ve anne taraf\u0131ndan Fenikelidir ancak kendisi Milet’te do\u011fup b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Astronomi<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Ay\u0131 tak\u0131my\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n daha iyi bir y\u00f6n g\u00f6sterici oldu\u011fu konusunda \u00f6nerilerde bulunan Thales\u2019in astronomi konusundaki \u00fcn\u00fc, Lidyal\u0131lar ve Medler aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015f\u0131n 6.y\u0131l\u0131nda G\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131n\u0131 tahmin etmesinden gelir. Sava\u015f tam denk bir \u015fekilde giderken b\u00f6yle bir olay\u0131n tanr\u0131lardan gelen bir mesaj olarak yorumlan\u0131p sava\u015f\u0131n geride b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131rsak Thales\u2019in ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ki\u015filik pozisyonuna ge\u00e7ti\u011fini anlayabiliriz. Ancak \u015funu s\u00f6ylemeliyiz ki Thales bu G\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131n\u0131 hesaplayacak bilgi birikimine sahip de\u011fildi. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n Babilli din adamlar\u0131ndan G\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n periyodik oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fi i\u00e7in tahmin edebilmi\u015ftir. Bu kadar harika bilgilerin yan\u0131nda tabii ki Thales\u2019in D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n su \u00fczerinde y\u00fczd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi sa\u00e7ma bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi de yok de\u011fildi. Hatta arkada\u015f\u0131 ve \u00f6\u011frencisi Anaximandros\u2019la ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fma bildi\u011fimiz en eski do\u011fa felsefesi diyaloglar\u0131ndan biri olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Matematik<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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Okulda g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz teoremlerden hat\u0131rlayacak olursan\u0131z \u00fc\u00e7genin i\u00e7indeki paralel tabanlardan olu\u015fan \u00fc\u00e7genlerin di\u011fer kenarlar\u0131n\u0131n da birbiriyle orant\u0131l\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131, bir dairenin tepe noktas\u0131yla \u00e7ap\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftirdi\u011fimizde olu\u015facak \u00fc\u00e7genin dik a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131 gibi Thales\u2019e atfedilen bir\u00e7ok teorem vard\u0131r. Ancak kendisiyle en \u00e7ok an\u0131lan ve laik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin temelini atan\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fi geometriyi kendi ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 co\u011frafyaya getirmesidir. Ve ayriyeten piramitlerin, bir kulenin \u00fczerinden g\u00f6zlemledi\u011fi gemilerin uzakl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mesidir. Thales\u2019in kendi icat etmedi\u011fi bir teoremin neden \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu sorabilirsiniz. Asl\u0131nda \u00f6nemli olan bilginin kendisinden ziyade bilgiye atfedilen de\u011fer ve tan\u0131mlanmad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da bilgiler tanr\u0131sal bir ba\u011f\u0131\u015f olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrken Thales bu bilgileri ki\u015filerden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ayr\u0131 bir kutuya koymu\u015ftur(bu k\u0131s\u0131m belki size Popper\u2019in \u201c\u00dc\u00e7 D\u00fcnya Kuram\u0131\u201dn\u0131 an\u0131msatabilir).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pratik zek\u00e2s\u0131<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Thales ne kadar baz\u0131 ki\u015filerce hayattan soyutlanm\u0131\u015f, y\u0131ld\u0131zlara bakarken \u00e7ukura d\u00fc\u015fen bir bilim insan\u0131 olarak aktar\u0131lsa da kendisinin bir sava\u015fta  akan nehirdeki suyu kanal a\u00e7t\u0131rarak azaltmas\u0131 ve askerleri ge\u00e7irmesi; \u00fclkenin nas\u0131l bir eyalet d\u00fczeninde y\u00f6netilmesi gerekti\u011fi hakk\u0131nda tavsiyeleri ve en \u00e7ok bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere filozoflar\u0131n da para kazanabilece\u011fini kan\u0131tlamak i\u00e7in zeytin makinelerini kara borsa yapmas\u0131 asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 bir Thales portresi \u00e7izmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arkhe<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Aristo\u2019nun aktar\u0131mlar\u0131na g\u00f6re Thales\u2019in  filozoflar aras\u0131ndaki en \u00fcnl\u00fc problemlerden biri olan arkhenin (her \u015feyin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan nihai madde) ne oldu\u011funa dair soruyu \u201csu\u201d ile cevapl\u0131yordu. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz bilgi birikimi ile bak\u0131l\u0131rsa bu \u00e7ok mant\u0131ks\u0131zca g\u00f6z\u00fckebilir ancak Thales\u2019in bunu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmesinin iki potansiyel sebebi var:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1)Hem ziyaret etti\u011fi M\u0131s\u0131r ve Babil\u2019in ya\u015fam kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n birtak\u0131m su yollar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131 ile suya m\u00fcthi\u015f bir \u00f6nem verilmesi hem de Yunan mitolojisinde suyun halihaz\u0131rda \u00f6nemli bir yer tutmas\u0131. 2)\u00c7ok daha \u00f6nemli ve zekice g\u00f6z\u00fcken sebep ise Thales\u2019in do\u011fada g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz bir\u00e7ok \u015feyin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n su i\u00e7erdi\u011fini g\u00f6zlemlemesidir. Asl\u0131nda kendisinin bu tezi \u00fcretmesinde akl\u0131m\u0131za ilk geldi\u011fi gibi fizyolojik sebepler \u00f6rnek verilemez \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Thales zaman\u0131nda filozoflar\u0131n ilgisi daha \u00e7ok meteorolojik olaylardayd\u0131. Thales kendi tezine y\u00fcksek ihtimal suyun bir\u00e7ok forma girebildi\u011fi, \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n aktar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00f6k cisimlerinin de kendisini suyun buharla\u015fmas\u0131yla s\u0131cak tuttu\u011fu bilgilerine dayanarak vard\u0131. Medeniyetlerin bir\u00e7ok do\u011fa olay\u0131na bakarak (ya\u011fmur, tufan, \u00e7i\u011f, sis) suyu \u00f6nemli bir konuma koymas\u0131 normaldir ancak Thales\u2019in \u00f6nemi g\u00f6zlemlerini ve bilgileri tanr\u0131lara atfetmekten ziyade teorile\u015ftirmesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hilozoizm ve Teoloji<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Maddelerin hepsinin kendi i\u00e7inde bir ruh bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretisine hilozoizm denir ve Thales de bu \u00f6\u011fretinin izlerini kendinde bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yordu. Aristo\u2019nun aktar\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re m\u0131knat\u0131s\u0131n demir i\u00e7erikli maddeleri \u00e7ekmesini, i\u00e7erisinde bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ruha ba\u011flam\u0131\u015f ve her \u015feyin i\u00e7erisinde bu ruh bar\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. \u0130fade edilen \u201cruh\u201d kavram\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda Thales\u2019in her \u015feyin tanr\u0131larla dolu oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemesi olarak da aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Thales\u2019in tanr\u0131tan\u0131maz olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda tart\u0131\u015fmalar da \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak o d\u00f6nemdeki kelimelerin bizim anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zdan farkl\u0131 anlamlar\u0131 olabilece\u011fini ve \u00e7evirisinde zorluklar ya\u015fanabilece\u011fini unutmayal\u0131m. Ayr\u0131ca Thales\u2019in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 kelimeler yanl\u0131\u015f aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f da olabilir<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Kaynak\u00e7a:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
  • Guthrie, W. K. C. (1962). A History of Greek Philosophy: Volume 1, the Earlier Presocratics and the Pythagoreans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/li>
  • Burnet, John (1892). Early Greek Philosophy<\/li>
  • Arslan, Ahmet (2006). \u0130lk\u00e7a\u011f Felsefe Tarihi 1\/ Sokrates \u00d6ncesi Yunan Felsefesi. \u0130stanbul Bilgi \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131<\/li>
  • Russel, Bertrand (2022). Bertrand Russel, \u201cBat\u0131 Felsefesi Tarihi Cilt 1\u201d, Alfa Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 11. Bask\u0131, \u00c7ev. Ahmet Fethi<\/li>
  • Thales & Anaksimandros & Anaksimenes, “Fragmanlar”, Pinhan Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u00c7ev. G\u00fcven\u00e7 \u015ear & Y. Gurur Sev., 1. Bask\u0131, 2019, Thales B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc<\/li>
  • <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Herodot\u2019un yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re deyi\u015fleriyle \u00fcnl\u00fc 7 bilgeden biri olan Thales hem Milet okulunun kurucusu hem de do\u011fa felsefesinin; yani olgular\u0131<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1773,"featured_media":14461,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[375,64,2453],"acf":[],"views":183,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14459"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1773"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14459"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14459\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14744,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14459\/revisions\/14744"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14461"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14459"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14459"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14459"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}