{"id":14551,"date":"2023-11-25T15:13:55","date_gmt":"2023-11-25T12:13:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=14551"},"modified":"2023-11-25T15:43:56","modified_gmt":"2023-11-25T12:43:56","slug":"tarihteki-kara-olum-sanati","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/tarihteki-kara-olum-sanati\/","title":{"rendered":"Tarihteki Kara \u00d6l\u00fcm Sanat\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Sanat kavram\u0131 insan\u0131n varolu\u015fundan beri s\u00fcregelen bir\u00e7ok d\u0131\u015favurum ile kendini g\u00f6stermi\u015f bir olu\u015fumdur. Bu olu\u015fumlar\u0131 inceledi\u011fimizde ise sanat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok bilgi edinebiliriz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc insan her g\u00fcn hepimizin deneyimledi\u011fi gibi d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyada kendisi ya da ba\u015fka insanlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yeni deneyimler ve bilgiler edinir. Kendisi taraf\u0131ndan deneyim ya\u015famasa bile di\u011fer ya\u015fam hikayelerini g\u00f6rerek, duyarak veya okuyarak da haf\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Bu haf\u0131zay\u0131 i\u00e7inde sanat dallar\u0131n\u0131n da bulundu\u011fu bir\u00e7ok yolla d\u0131\u015fa vurur. Bu yaz\u0131da ise bir\u00e7ok devinimler yaratarak kolektif haf\u0131zam\u0131za da yans\u0131yan kara veba salg\u0131n\u0131ndan bahsederek resim sanat\u0131ndaki izd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerini inceleyece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Kara \u00d6l\u00fcm Nedir?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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H\u0131yarc\u0131kl\u0131 Veba da denilen Kara \u00d6l\u00fcm bir\u00e7ok salg\u0131n dalgas\u0131 ile kendini g\u00f6steren Yersinia Pestis bakterisinin neden oldu\u011fu bir enfeksiyondur. K\u00f6keni tam olarak bilinmese bile ilk kesin g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019da (1347) olmu\u015ftur. Hava yoluyla yay\u0131lmaz. Bunun yerine vekt\u00f6r taraf\u0131ndan bir konak\u00e7\u0131dan di\u011ferine ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle gemilerde ya\u015fayan s\u0131\u00e7anlardaki pireler taraf\u0131ndan h\u0131zla yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. H\u0131zla yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda ise bir\u00e7ok etken rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Artan n\u00fcfusun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra insanlar\u0131n temizlik anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131 bu etkenlerden sadece birka\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nsan etkile\u015fimi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze oranla \u00e7ok daha az olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen 20 y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n s\u00fcrede veba salg\u0131n\u0131 maalesef 75-200 milyon aras\u0131 insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Neden Kara \u00d6l\u00fcm ismini ald\u0131\u011f\u0131na gelecek olursak da iki sebepten kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Birincisi insanlar\u0131n vebaya yakaland\u0131ktan sonra mor-siyah renk almas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130kincisi ise milyonlarca insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yol a\u00e7arak y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmas\u0131d\u0131r.   <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Bir sonraki b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ise Veba salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 konu alan birka\u00e7 \u00fcnl\u00fc resimden bahsedece\u011fiz.     <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                                                                        <\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Al\u00e7ak G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc Madonna (1345-1350) , Guariento di Arpo<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Bir\u00e7ok Orta \u00c7a\u011f sanat eserinde oldu\u011fu gibi bu panelde de Meryem Ana tasviri kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Meryem, \u00e7ocu\u011fu \u0130sa\u2019y\u0131 oturarak emzirirken tasvir edilmi\u015ftir. M\u00fccevherlerle s\u00fcslenmi\u015f alt\u0131n bir ta\u00e7 tak\u0131yor ve ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde anne ve \u00e7ocu\u011fu kutsayan bir Tanr\u0131 fig\u00fcr\u00fc var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Al\u00e7akg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc Madonna unvan\u0131 ise, Meryem\u2019in dua eden ve Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n merhametini dileyen herkes i\u00e7in anne fig\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc temsil etti\u011fine at\u0131fta bulunur. Bu tablo Skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da insanlar hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n arkas\u0131nda Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n oldu\u011funa inand\u0131klar\u0131 s\u0131rada yarat\u0131ld\u0131. Kilise ise , insanlar\u0131n dua etmesi, kiliseye gelmesi ve hayatlar\u0131ndan g\u00fcnah\u0131 silmesi durumunda hastalanmayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayarak daha fazla insan\u0131n Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu durum da kiliseyi eskisinden daha da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc hale getirdi.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

2.Yahudilere yap\u0131lan zul\u00fcm<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n vebadan kurtulmak i\u00e7in y\u00f6neldikleri bir di\u011fer yol ise hastal\u0131\u011fa sebep olduklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fckleri Yahudileri \u00f6ld\u00fcrmekti. Bu yola sebebiyet veren d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ise Yahudi halk\u0131n\u0131n \u0130sa\u2019y\u0131 Mesih olarak reddetmesinin Tanr\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6fkelendirdi\u011fi ve kara veba ile sonu\u00e7land\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131na inanmalar\u0131yd\u0131. Frans\u0131z tarih\u00e7i ve \u015fair Gilles li Muisis\u2019in 1340\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu tarih kitab\u0131nda ise vebaya yakalanan bir kasaban\u0131n sakinleri, hastal\u0131\u011fa neden olmakla su\u00e7lanan Yahudileri yak\u0131yor.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

3.\u00d6l\u00fcleri tabutlara ta\u015f\u0131yan insanlar<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Bu eser ise veban\u0131n en eski g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerinden biridir. Gilles li Muisis\u2019in kara \u00f6l\u00fcm s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7izdi\u011fi hastal\u0131ktan \u00f6lenlerin tabutlar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan insanlar\u0131 konu alan bir resimdir.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

4.Aziz Sebastian Veba hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in arac\u0131l\u0131k eder, Josse Lieferinxe(1497-1499)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Lieferinxe\u2019nin bu tablosu veban\u0131n 7. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n Pavia kentindeki bir toplulu\u011fu kas\u0131p kavurdu\u011fu bir zaman\u0131 tasvir etmektedir. Bu tabloyu inceledi\u011fimizde Kara \u00d6l\u00fcm\u2019den y\u0131llar \u00f6nce meydana gelen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir veba salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 ve Aziz Sebastian\u2019\u0131n hastalar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00f6lmek \u00fczere olan insanlar\u0131 kurtarmak i\u00e7in Tanr\u0131\u2019ya yalvarmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Kara \u00d6l\u00fcm s\u0131ras\u0131nda ise bir\u00e7ok insan kurulu\u015f amac\u0131yla Aziz Sebastian\u2019a dua etti. Bu durum da onu Orta \u00c7a\u011f ‘da pop\u00fcler hale getirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

St. Sebastian MS 300\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llarda Romal\u0131 bir subayd\u0131. Oklarla \u015fehit edilmi\u015f ve sonunda sopayla \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu sebepten \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc bir\u00e7ok eserde oldu\u011fu gibi Lieferinxe\u2019nin bu tablosunda da derisini delen oklarla tasvir edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
(St. Sebastian \/ Andrea Mantegna (1456-1459<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

5.Tedavi aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ( H\u0131yarc\u0131k F\u0131rlatan Bir Veba doktoru 1482 )<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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15. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Almanya\u2019da yarat\u0131lan bu tahta blok, Kara \u00d6l\u00fcm s\u0131ras\u0131nda veba hastalar\u0131n\u0131 tedavi etme y\u00f6ntemini tasvir etmektedir. Doktorlar keskin bir sopa yard\u0131m\u0131yla h\u0131yarc\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcrterek hastadaki enfeksiyonu bo\u015falt\u0131rlard\u0131. Etkili bir y\u00f6ntem olmasa bile bu eser sayesinde insanlar\u0131n hastal\u0131ktan kurtulmak i\u00e7in tedavi aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131na girdiklerini anlayabiliriz.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

6. Roma Doktoru Schnabel , Paul F\u00fcrst<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Anlataca\u011f\u0131m son sanat eseri ise, Fransa ve \u0130talya\u2019da vebadan korunmak i\u00e7in doktorlar\u0131n giydikleri koruyucu giysiyi tasvir eden bu grav\u00fcrd\u00fcr. Bu koruyucu giysi bilek boyu bir palto, ku\u015f  burunlu bir maske, eldivenler, \u00e7izmeler ve \u015fapkadan olu\u015fuyordu. Olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131 bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe sahip olan maskenin amac\u0131 ise hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ana nedeni olarak kabul edilen, miasma olarak bilinen k\u00f6t\u00fc kokular\u0131 uzak tutmakt\u0131. Bu daha sonra mikrop teorisi ile de do\u011fruland\u0131. Di\u011fer taraftan maske asl\u0131nda veba i\u00e7in \u00fcretilmemi\u015fti. Asl\u0131nda Commedia dell\u2019Arte olarak bilinen farkl\u0131 maskeler ve kost\u00fcmler kullanarak farkl\u0131 karakterler gibi giyinen akt\u00f6rlerin \u0130talyan gelene\u011fidir. Kara \u00d6l\u00fcm 17. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda yeniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, doktorlar korunma ama\u00e7l\u0131 bu kost\u00fcmleri kullanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Kara \u00f6l\u00fcm hakk\u0131nda yukar\u0131da anlatt\u0131klar\u0131mdan ba\u015fka daha bir\u00e7ok sanat eseri yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu en kasvetli zamanlarda bile insanlar \u00fcretmeye bir \u015fekilde devam etmi\u015ftir. Bize bir\u00e7ok de\u011feri sorgulatan bu eserlerde en \u00f6nemli kavramlardan biri de \u00f6l\u00fcmd\u00fcr. Yaz\u0131m\u0131 ise bu konuya en iyi \u00f6rneklerden biri olan Gustav Klimt\u2019in Death and Life tablosu ile bitirmek istiyorum. Sanat\u00e7\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm ve ya\u015fam\u0131n hayat\u0131m\u0131zda ne kadar i\u00e7 i\u00e7e oldu\u011funu i\u00e7 d\u00fcnyam\u0131zdan benzersiz bir kesit ile g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/dergipark.org.tr\/tr\/download\/article-file\/1679987<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/tr.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kara_%C3%96l%C3%BCm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.thecollector.com\/black-death-medieval-art-and-artists\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/artincontext.org\/black-death-art\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/horizon.documentation.ird.fr\/exl-doc\/pleins_textes\/divers19-11\/010041109.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sanat kavram\u0131 insan\u0131n varolu\u015fundan beri s\u00fcregelen bir\u00e7ok d\u0131\u015favurum ile kendini g\u00f6stermi\u015f bir olu\u015fumdur. Bu olu\u015fumlar\u0131 inceledi\u011fimizde ise sanat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7 ve<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1848,"featured_media":14581,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1,2139],"tags":[2454,616,66],"acf":[],"views":197,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14551"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1848"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14551"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14551\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14580,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14551\/revisions\/14580"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14581"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14551"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14551"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14551"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}