{"id":14607,"date":"2023-12-02T20:14:57","date_gmt":"2023-12-02T17:14:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=14607"},"modified":"2024-01-19T14:28:25","modified_gmt":"2024-01-19T11:28:25","slug":"anaksimandros-milet-okulunun-2-ve-en-marjinal-uyesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/anaksimandros-milet-okulunun-2-ve-en-marjinal-uyesi\/","title":{"rendered":"ANAKS\u0130MANDROS: Milet Okulu\u2019nun 2. ve En Marjinal \u00dcyesi"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Anaksimandros kimdir?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Milet okulunun 2. ve fikrimce en \u00f6nemli \u00fcyesi. Thales gibi \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc olan Anaksimandros\u2019un zekas\u0131 bulundu\u011fu devirde t\u00fcm D\u00fcnya\u2019y\u0131 haritaland\u0131rma, evrim teorisinin temellerini atma gibi bir\u00e7ok fikirsel at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. M\u00d6 610-547 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilen Anaksimandros; \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131, \u00f6\u011frencisi ve arkada\u015f\u0131 Thales gibi Miletlidir ve \u015fansl\u0131y\u0131z ki kendisi hakk\u0131ndaki bilgiler Thales kadar belirsiz de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arkhe ve Kozmoloji<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Anaksimandros\u2019un da arkhe tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda bir fikir sahibi olmas\u0131na herhalde hi\u00e7birimiz \u015fa\u015f\u0131rmay\u0131z ancak bizi hayrete d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrecek \u015fey Anaksimandros\u2019un arkhe i\u00e7in g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi aday\u0131n su, ate\u015f gibi somut bir varl\u0131ktan ziyade Apeiron yani Yunanca sonu-s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olmayan anlam\u0131na gelen soyut bir kavram olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun sebebi de e\u011fer arkhe su olsayd\u0131 evrenin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda kendi z\u0131tt\u0131 olan ate\u015fin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sonland\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131 bu y\u00fczden evrenin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n z\u0131tt\u0131 olmayan ama z\u0131tlar\u0131 kendinden do\u011furan ve s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir varl\u0131k olmas\u0131 gerekmesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anaksimandros birden \u00e7ok d\u00fcnyan\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yordu ancak akademisyenlerin as\u0131l tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 Anaksimandros\u2019un bu d\u00fcnyalar\u0131n ayn\u0131 anda oldu\u011funu mu yoksa art arda geldi\u011fini mi savundu\u011fudur. Bunlar \u00e7ok detayl\u0131 oldu\u011fundan bu yaz\u0131da de\u011finmeyece\u011fim. Anaksimandros evreni genel olarak bir etme-bulma d\u00fczeni i\u00e7erisinde g\u00f6r\u00fcr ve sosyal hayattaki adalet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fa felsefesinin i\u00e7ine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her ne kadar Anaksimandros\u2019u her \u015feyi madde olarak g\u00f6ren ve ahlaki kavramlar\u0131 umursamayacak biri olarak g\u00f6rsek de Thales gibi onun da kendi zaman\u0131nda b\u00f6ylesi fikirlerden etkilenmesi bence normaldir. Onun fikrine g\u00f6re z\u0131tlar birbirine \u201ck\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck ederler\u201d ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bularak da sona ererler b\u00f6ylece evren kendini bu m\u00fccadele \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde devam ettirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Astronomi<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Anaksimandros fikirlerini ve evren teorisini tutulmalar\u0131 temel alarak olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur ancak bu k\u0131sm\u0131n sonunda de\u011finece\u011fim \u00fczere ba\u015fka \u00e7ok zekice detaylar da vard\u0131r. \u0130lk ba\u015fta belirtmek gerekir ki g\u00f6k cisimlerinden \u00f6nce Anaksimandros\u2019un uzay kavram\u0131n\u0131 \u201cicat etmesi\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ke\u015ffi de Thales\u2019in \u201cD\u00fcnya bir k\u00fct\u00fck par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n suyun \u00fczerinde durdu\u011fu gibi sular \u00fcst\u00fcnde durmaktad\u0131r\u201d fikrinin sa\u00e7ma oldu\u011funu \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00f6yle bir durumda suyu da tutacak bir \u015fey olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ve suyu tutan \u015feyi de tutan bir ba\u015fka \u015feye ihtiya\u00e7 duyulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu d\u00f6ng\u00fcn\u00fcn sonsuza kadar gidece\u011fini belirtmi\u015ftir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamadan sonra D\u00fcnyan\u0131n bo\u015flukta duruyor olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir ayr\u0131ca bu a\u00e7\u0131klama d\u00fcnyan\u0131n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 gibi ba\u011f\u0131l y\u00f6nlerde hareket etme zorunlulu\u011funu da kald\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Hem ba\u011f\u0131l hareketi hem de bo\u015fluk kavram\u0131n\u0131 ak\u0131l etmesi Anaksimandros\u2019un ne kadar marjinal bir insan oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Anaksimandros\u2019un g\u00f6k cisimleri hakk\u0131ndaki fikirlerini anlamak i\u00e7in koydu\u011fum resme de bakman\u0131z yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r, zira anlamas\u0131 zor olabilir. Anaksimandros\u2019un modeline g\u00f6re D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n etraf\u0131nda Ay, y\u0131ld\u0131zlar ve G\u00fcne\u015f asl\u0131nda etraf\u0131 nemle kapl\u0131 ate\u015f silindirleridir ve bizim g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz yuvarlak \u015fekiller de o y\u00f6r\u00fcnge benzeri cisimlerin bir noktas\u0131ndaki bo\u015fluktan i\u00e7erideki ate\u015fin \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu bo\u015fluklar t\u0131kand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise tutulmalar meydana gelir. Burada bahsetmek istedi\u011fim ince detaylardan biri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de do\u011frulu\u011funu bildi\u011fimiz d\u00fcnyan\u0131n y\u00f6r\u00fcngesinin e\u011frili\u011fidir, Anaksimandros\u2019un Samanyolu\u2019na bakarak bu e\u011frili\u011fi ve y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fckt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc silindiri \u00f6ne att\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilmektedir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kendi boy ve geni\u015fli\u011fini, di\u011fer silindirlerin D\u00fcnya\u2019ya oran\u0131 gibi oranlar\u0131 da belirtmi\u015ftir burada Thales\u2019te de g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz laik ve teorik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce stilini g\u00f6rmekteyiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Haritac\u0131l\u0131k ve g\u00fcne\u015f saati<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Thales\u2019in su teorisini yazarken de D\u00fcnyan\u0131n okyanuslarla \u00e7evrili oldu\u011fu fikrini belirtmi\u015ftik. Anaksimandros\u2019un haritas\u0131nda da her ne kadar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n su \u00fczerinde y\u00fczmedi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclse de kara par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n okyanuslar taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7evrildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anaksimandros\u2019un Yunan d\u00fcnyas\u0131na g\u00fcne\u015f saatini getirdi\u011fi ve bu saatteki g\u00f6lgelerin e\u011fimini kullanarak eklipti\u011fin e\u011fimini de hesaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evrim Teorisinin ilk izleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Anaksimandros\u2019a g\u00f6re D\u00fcnya ilk ba\u015fta sular alt\u0131ndayd\u0131 ve bu sular G\u00fcne\u015fin \u0131s\u0131tmas\u0131yla beraber buharla\u015f\u0131p D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n etraf\u0131nda bir duman katman\u0131 olu\u015fturdu. Anaksimandros insan\u0131n ve memelilerin geli\u015fme d\u00f6neminin \u00e7ok uzun s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve su i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc ve insanlar\u0131n sudan karaya ge\u00e7i\u015finde bal\u0131klar\u0131n karn\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yani ilk insanlar suda ya\u015fayan bal\u0131klar\u0131n karn\u0131ndan karaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar ve sonraki nesillerini karada meydana getirdiler. Anaksimandros\u2019un karada buldu\u011fu kabuklu fosilleri de bu fikrini destekliyordu. Anaksimandros gibi, filozoflar\u0131n yan\u0131nda bile marjinal kalan bir insana da Antik zamanlarda t\u00fcrlerin adaptasyon sa\u011flamakla beraber evrime u\u011frayabilece\u011fini ak\u0131l etmek yak\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131 do\u011frusu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a:<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

W. K. C Guthrie (1985). A History of Greek Philosophy Vol. 1 The Earlier Presocratics and Pythagoreans, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge<\/p>\n\n\n\n

John Burnet (1920), Early Greek Philosophy (3rd ed.), London: A & C Black, London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ahmet Arslan (2006). \u0130lk\u00e7a\u011f Felsefe Tarihi: Sokrates \u00d6ncesi Yunan Felsefesi, \u0130stanbul Bilgi \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On the Origin of Anaximander’s Cosmological Model, Gerard Naddaf<\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.perseus.tufts.edu\/hopper\/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0072%3Aentry%3Da)%2Fpeiros3<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Anaksimandros kimdir? Milet okulunun 2. ve fikrimce en \u00f6nemli \u00fcyesi. Thales gibi \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc olan Anaksimandros\u2019un zekas\u0131 bulundu\u011fu devirde t\u00fcm<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1773,"featured_media":14609,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"acf":[],"views":112,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14607"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1773"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14607"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14607\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14770,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14607\/revisions\/14770"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14609"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14607"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14607"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14607"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}