{"id":14680,"date":"2023-12-31T16:57:53","date_gmt":"2023-12-31T13:57:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=14680"},"modified":"2023-12-31T16:57:56","modified_gmt":"2023-12-31T13:57:56","slug":"antimikrobiyal-ajan-olarak-lipitler-ve-esans-yaglari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/tip-egitimi\/antimikrobiyal-ajan-olarak-lipitler-ve-esans-yaglari\/","title":{"rendered":"ANT\u0130M\u0130KROB\u0130YAL AJAN OLARAK L\u0130P\u0130TLER VE ESANS YA\u011eLARI"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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<\/mark> \u00d6NCE B\u0130RAZ TANIMLA BA\u015eLAYALIM… <\/mark><\/strong>\ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NED\u0130R BU<\/mark><\/strong> ESANS YA\u011eLARI<\/strong><\/mark>?<\/mark><\/strong> (Esans ya\u011flar\u0131 m\u0131? Sanki duymu\u015ftum bunu\u2026)<\/strong><\/mark><\/em>
*Esans ya\u011flar\u0131 tek bir basit bile\u015fik veya ayr\u0131 birka\u00e7 bile\u015fi\u011fin birle\u015fimiyle olu\u015fmu\u015f basit kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar de\u011fillerdir.
\u00c7o\u011fu 20 ila 60 tane i\u00e7erse de, 100’e yak\u0131n bile\u015fen i\u00e7erebilirler.
Esans ya\u011flar\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulunan \u00e7e\u015fitli kimyasal s\u0131n\u0131flardan olan bu bile\u015fenler, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlukla terpenler olsa da her zaman olmamakla birlikte az miktarda fenilpropanoid ve di\u011fer bile\u015fenlerdir.
Bu bile\u015fenlerin hepsi hidrokarbon ve oksijenlenmi\u015f t\u00fcrevleridir ve bazen azot ve k\u00fck\u00fcrt i\u00e7erebilir.
Genellikle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck molek\u00fcler a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa sahiptirler ve suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fckleri s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.
Esans ya\u011flar\u0131 sistematik kimyasal adland\u0131rman\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce izole edilip \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131ndan kaynakl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma ve adland\u0131rmalar\u0131 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r.
Bir\u00e7o\u011fu \u015fu an sistematik olmayan adlar\u0131yla bilinmektedir, bunlar baz\u0131lar\u0131nda elde edildikleri bitkisel kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n isimleriyle adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; eucalyptol (\u00f6kaliptol- okalipt\u00fcs), limonene (limonen- limon), pinene (pinen- \u00e7am), thymol (timol- kekik) gibi\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u0130P\u0130TLER NED\u0130R?<\/mark> (Lipitler\u2026E tabii ki nedir biliyorum.)<\/em><\/mark><\/strong>
**Lipitler, \u00e7o\u011fumuzun a\u015fina oldu\u011fu biyolojik molek\u00fcllerdir.
Canl\u0131lar\u0131n yap\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131nda bulunan biyolojik kaynakl\u0131 lipitler sadece hidrokarbon i\u00e7ermezler ve oksijen, azot gibi bile\u015fenler lipit molek\u00fcl\u00fcndeki elektronlar\u0131n asimetrik da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.
Bu durum, su ile polar etkile\u015fim imkan\u0131 sa\u011flar ve b\u00f6ylece sistemin entropisini (d\u00fczensizli\u011fini) artt\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Polar Lipit :<\/strong> <\/mark>(Polar lipit de nedir? Yoksa ya\u011flar suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcyor mu?)<\/em><\/strong><\/mark>
**Metan ve etan gibi bile\u015fikler baz\u0131 mikroorganizmalar\u0131n metabolik yan \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen canl\u0131 h\u00fccreler saf hidrokarbon sentezlemezler.
Genel olarak canl\u0131 h\u00fccrelerin lipitleri; oksijen, azot, k\u00fck\u00fcrt, fosfat vb. elektrofilik (elektronlara tutunan reaktifler) i\u00e7erir.
Lipitlerin i\u00e7indeki polar gruplar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, lipitleri polar olmayan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fclerde daha az \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcr g\u00f6sterir ve suyun i\u00e7inde 2 fazl\u0131 su-ya\u011f sistemi olu\u015fturmaktan ziyade suda karakteristik bir k\u00fcmelenme veya da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m olu\u015fturacak \u015fekilde toplanmalar\u0131na sebep olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ARTIK ANA KARAKTERLER\u0130M\u0130Z\u0130 YAKINDAN TANIDI\u011eIMIZA G\u00d6RE, \u015e\u0130MD\u0130 ASIL KONUMUZA GE\u00c7EB\u0130L\u0130R\u0130Z… <\/mark><\/strong>\ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. B\u00d6L\u00dcM :<\/mark> L\u0130P\u0130TLER\u0130N ANT\u0130M\u0130KROB\u0130YAL ETK\u0130LER\u0130 <\/em><\/mark><\/strong>***<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antimikrobiyal lipitler, do\u011fada bitkilerden tutun hayvanlara kadar \u00e7e\u015fitli t\u00fcrlerde yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde bulunan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc antiinflamatuar ve antimikrobiyal etkili molek\u00fcllerdir.
Ya\u011f asitleri ve monogliseridler gibi basit do\u011fal lipitler, antimiikrobiyal \u00f6zellikler sergiler ve hayvanlar\u0131n cildini ve mukozalar\u0131n\u0131 enfekte eden gram +\/- bakterileri, zarfl\u0131 vir\u00fcsleri, mayalar\u0131, mantarlar\u0131 ve parazitleri \u00f6ld\u00fcrme yetene\u011fine sahiptir.
Ya\u011f asitleri ve\/veya 1-monogliseritler; antimikrobiyal kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar, antibiyotik diren\u00e7li bakterilere kar\u015f\u0131 antibiyotiklere ek veya antibiyotik alternatifi ve deri enfeksiyonlar\u0131ndan sonra bakteriyal ar\u0131nmay\u0131 artt\u0131ran do\u011fal ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc uyar\u0131c\u0131 molek\u00fclleri gibi ila\u00e7 uygulamalar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli hedef molek\u00fclleri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lipitlerin antimikrobiyal etkileri bir as\u0131rdan fazlad\u0131r \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r ve ilk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar her ne kadar sabunlar\u0131n bakterisit etkileri \u00fczerine olsa da uzun ve orta zincirli ya\u011f asitleri ve monogliseritlerin de mikroplar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In vitro \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar mikroplar\u0131n, mikrop \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc lipitlere duyarl\u0131l\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7e\u015fitlilik g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini sergilemi\u015ftir:
Baz\u0131lar\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck lipit deri\u015fiminde k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede; di\u011ferleri, y\u00fcksek deri\u015fimde veya uzun s\u00fcrede \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.
Hangi lipitlerin her bakteriye, vir\u00fcse veya mantara en etkili oldu\u011fu da de\u011fi\u015fkendir.
Doymam\u0131\u015f ya\u011f asitleri, orta zincirli ya\u011f asitleri ve monogliseritleri genellikle patojenik bakterilere ve vir\u00fcslere kar\u015f\u0131 etkilidir, temas edince b\u00fcy\u00fck miktardaki patojeni \u00e7abucak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr \u00f6te yandan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck\/orta karbonlu ya\u011f asitleri ve tuzlar\u0131 mantarlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu durumda etkilidir.
Ya\u011f asitlerinin mikrop \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc etkisi pH’a g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fkenlik g\u00f6sterir, aktivitesi n\u00f6tr veya alkali ortama k\u0131yasla asidik ortamda daha fazlad\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asidik ortam ph4 -5 yaln\u0131zca ya\u011f asitlerinin de\u011fil monogliseritlerin ve ya\u011f alkollerinin de olmak \u00fczere lipitlerin vir\u00fcs \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc aktivitesini genellikle artt\u0131r\u0131r.
\u00c7e\u015fitli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar lipitlerin \u00f6zellikle de doymam\u0131\u015f ya\u011f asitlerinin, cilt ve mukoza membranlar\u0131nda bakteriyel enfeksiyonlara kar\u015f\u0131 do\u011fal savunmada rol ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve terde bulunan k\u0131sa\/orta zincirli ya\u011f asitlerinin mantar enfeksiyonlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koruyucu oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.
Mikrop \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc lipitleri i\u00e7eren farmas\u00f6tik kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar ile derideki ve mukozadaki viral, bakteriyel enfeksiyonlar\u0131 iyile\u015ftirme giri\u015fimleri yap\u0131lmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n hayvanlarda ve insanlardaki bakteriyel ve viral enfeksiyonlar\u0131 \u00f6nlemede yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu\u011fu hen\u00fcz g\u00f6sterilememi\u015ftir.
\u00d6te yandan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar orta zincirli ya\u011f asitlerini, \u00f6zellikle de undesilenik asit ve tuzlar\u0131n\u0131, i\u00e7eren kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli mantar enfeksiyonlar\u0131nda iyile\u015ftirici etkileri oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.
Farmas\u00f6tik dozaj formlar\u0131 kremler, merhemler ve pudralar; otc (over the counter – re\u00e7etesiz sat\u0131lan ila\u00e7lar) antifungallar olarak bulunmaktad\u0131r. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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***<\/mark>ANT\u0130BAKTER\u0130YEL ETK\u0130S\u0130 VE ETK\u0130 MEKAN\u0130ZMASI :<\/mark><\/strong> \nLipit yap\u0131s\u0131 ve antibakteriyel etkisi aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan genellemede :<\/mark>\n <\/strong>\u270e<\/mark> gram pozitif bakterilere kars\u0131 en aktif doymu\u015f ya\u011f asidi laurik asit, tekli doymam\u0131\u015f ya\u011f asidi palmitoleik asit ve \u00e7oklu doymam\u0131\u015f ya\u011f asidi linoleik asit;<\/mark>\n <\/em><\/mark><\/strong>\u270e<\/mark> orta zincirli ya\u011f asitlerinin monogliseridleri, \u00f6zellikle laurik asidin monogliseridi, serbest asitlerden daha aktif;<\/mark>\n <\/mark><\/strong>\u270e<\/mark> \u00e7ok k\u0131sa zincirli (6 veya daha az karbonlu) olanlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u011f asitlerinin gram (-) bakterilere kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck aktivitesi var ve<\/mark>\n <\/strong>\u270e<\/mark> mayalar k\u0131sa zincirli (10-12 karbonlu) ya\u011f asitlerinden etkilendi\u011fi sonucuna ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \nen \u00f6nemli genelleme di-trigliseridlerin \u00e7ok aktif olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen ya\u011f asitlerinin monoesterlerinin, monolaurin gibi (laurik asidin monoesteri), \u00e7ok aktif olmas\u0131d\u0131r.\nbu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n sonucunda k\u0131sa zincirli (6-10 karbonlu) doymu\u015f ya\u011f asitlerinin antibakteriyel etkisi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnme derecelerine ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve pH 6.5 iken pH 7.5'den daha aktif olduklar\u0131 sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\nErken d\u00f6nem \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, doymam\u0131\u015f ya\u011f asitlerinin gram (+) bakterilere kar\u015f\u0131 etkin oldu\u011funu saptam\u0131\u015f ve \u00e7ift ba\u011f say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131yla daha etkin olduklar\u0131na i\u015faret etmi\u015ftir.\n\u0130leri d\u00f6nem \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda ise uzun zincirli ya\u011f asitlerinin etkinli\u011finin bir \u00e7ift ba\u011f eklendikten sonra artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir ancak oleik asit \u00f6rne\u011finde; oleik aside ikinci bir \u00e7ift ba\u011f\u0131n eklenmesi ile etkinli\u011finin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir \u00e7ift ba\u011f\u0131n eklenmesi durumunda ise etkinli\u011finin azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir.<\/mark><\/strong>\n<\/pre>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
****<\/mark>ANT\u0130V\u0130RAL ETK\u0130S\u0130 VE ETK\u0130 MEKAN\u0130ZMASI :<\/mark><\/strong>\nYa\u011f asitlerinin ve monogoliseritlerin antiviral etkilerinin arkas\u0131ndaki mekanizmay\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli giri\u015fimler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\nSonu\u00e7lar orta zincirli doymu\u015f ya\u011f asitlerinin, monogliseritlerin  ve uzun zincirli doymam\u0131\u015f ya\u011f asitlerinin genellikle en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc vir\u00fcs \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc etkinlikleri oldu\u011funu ve zarfl\u0131 vir\u00fcsleri hemen \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcklerini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.\nMonogliseritler kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan ya\u011f asitlerine k\u0131yasla daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yo\u011funlukta antiviral olsa da size  digliseritlerin etkin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunmu\u015ftur.\nYaln\u0131zca zarfl\u0131 vir\u00fcsler lipitler taraf\u0131ndan inaktive edilmi\u015ftir.\nKar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, baz\u0131 istisnalarla birlikte, 10 karbonlu doymu\u015f kaprik asidin bir monogliseridinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bakteri ve vir\u00fcsleri \u00e7abuk ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck lipit konsantrasyonlar\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in en etkin oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.\n\u00c7e\u015fitli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar vir\u00fcs \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc ya\u011f asitlerinin viral partik\u00fcllerde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnme yaratarak viral zarf\u0131n par\u00e7aland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/mark><\/strong><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
****<\/mark>ANT\u0130FUNGAL ETK\u0130S\u0130 VE ETK\u0130 MEKAN\u0130ZMASI :<\/mark><\/strong>\n\u00c7ift ve\/veya \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ba\u011fa sahip doymam\u0131\u015f ya\u011f asitleri, doymu\u015f ya\u011f asitlerine k\u0131yasla fungal patojenlere kar\u015f\u0131 daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr. Undesilenik asit antibakteriyel, antiviral, antifungal etkinli\u011fe sahiptir ve ticari olarak antifungal \u00f6zelli\u011fi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\nOleik asidin, geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fck\u00e7\u00fcl k\u00fcf ve mayalara kar\u015f\u0131 fungistatik (mantar \u00fcremesini durduran) oldu\u011fu bulunmu\u015ftur. Ya\u011f asidi, mantar sporlar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fiminde 6-8 saat gecikmeye sebep olmu\u015ftur ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck konsantrasyonlarda bile fazla etkilidir.<\/mark><\/strong><\/pre>\n\n\n\n

     2.B\u00d6L\u00dcM :<\/mark> ESANS YA\u011eLARININ ANT\u0130M\u0130KROB\u0130YAL ETK\u0130S\u0130 <\/mark><\/em><\/strong> *<\/p>\n\n\n\n
  Sa\u011fl\u0131k, tar\u0131m, kozmetik ve yemek end\u00fcstrisinde kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131na sahiptir. <\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Sa\u011fl\u0131k alan\u0131nda kullan\u0131lagelmi\u015f olanlar antimikrobiyal, antikanserojen, analjezik, antioksidan, antiinflamatuar, imm\u00fcnomod\u00fclat\u00f6r, antiplatelet ve antitrombotik gibi kapsaml\u0131 biyolojik \u00f6zelliklere sahiptir. <\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Mikroorganizmalar\u0131n hastal\u0131k patogenezindeki rol\u00fc anla\u015f\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce bile esans ya\u011f i\u00e7eren bitki bazl\u0131 ila\u00e7lar bu gibi hastal\u0131klar\u0131 tedavi etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n antibakteriyel k\u00fck\u00fcrt ila\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131, sonras\u0131nda da 1940’larda  \u00df-laktam antibiyotiklerin ve di\u011ferlerinin kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131yla esans ya\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131mlar\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. <\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Modern antibiyotiklerin se\u00e7ici toksititesi, sistemik uygulanabilme yetisi olmas\u0131 ve \u00e7o\u011fu \u00f6nemli patojenik bakterinin onlara a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 duyarl\u0131 olmas\u0131 avantaj\u0131 oldu\u011fundan, bakteriyel enfeksiyonlar\u0131 tedavi etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ilk tercih ila\u00e7 olmalar\u0131n\u0131n, esans ya\u011flar\u0131 ve di\u011fer bitki bazl\u0131 ila\u00e7lar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n azalarak kaybolmas\u0131na neden olmas\u0131 hi\u00e7 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildi.
Son zamanlarda esans ya\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n atmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131, ‘do\u011fal’ \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin cazibesindeki genel yeniden do\u011fu\u015fu, toksitite ve g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daha iyi karaktere sahip antimikrobiyal bile\u015fen aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve daha \u00f6nemlisi \u00e7o\u011fu \u00f6nemli patojenin al\u0131\u015f\u0131lagelmi\u015f antimikrobiyal ajanlara duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n azalmas\u0131 sebebiyle alternatif ajan ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren bu gibi fakt\u00f6rlere dayanmaktad\u0131r.<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
  <\/mark>*<\/mark><\/strong>ANT\u0130BAKTER\u0130YEL VE ANT\u0130FUNGAL ETK\u0130LER\u0130:<\/strong><\/mark>\n  \u0130ki b\u00fcy\u00fck bakteri grubu, gram pozitif ve gram negatifler, in vitro ortamda esans ya\u011flar\u0131 ve bile\u015fenlerine duyarl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.\nIn vitro ortamda \u00e7e\u015fitli t\u00fcrde bakterinin esans ya\u011flar\u0131na duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 test edilmi\u015ftir ama \u00f6zellikle insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yemek end\u00fcstrisindeki bakteriler \u00e7o\u011fu ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n oda\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.\nEsans ya\u011flar\u0131 ve onun yap\u0131 ta\u015flar\u0131 mantarlara kar\u015f\u0131 da etkinlik g\u00f6stermektedir ve bu etkisi gittik\u00e7e daha iyi tan\u0131mlanmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Geni\u015f \u00e7aptaki insan, hayvan ve tar\u0131m kaynakl\u0131 mantar patojenlerinin in vitro ortamda inhibe edildi\u011fi ya da \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/strong><\/mark>\n\n\n  *<\/mark><\/strong>ANT\u0130BAKTER\u0130YEL VE ANT\u0130FUNGAL ETK\u0130 MEKAN\u0130ZMASI :<\/strong><\/mark>\n  Mikrobiyal zar veya zarfa olan etkileri belirtilemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in uzun y\u0131llar boyunca esans ya\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n hangi mikroorganizmalar\u0131 hangi mekanizma ile inhibe etti\u011fi ve\/veya \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc belirsiz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\nGe\u00e7ti\u011fimiz 10 ya da 20 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde esans ya\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n ve bile\u015fenlerinin mikroorganizmalar \u00fczerindeki kesin etkileri daha detayl\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\nUzun zaman boyunca biyolojik zarlarla etkile\u015fimleri i\u00e7eren bir\u00e7ok etkileri tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\nAncak, bu etkile\u015fimlerin \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve inceli\u011fi? Yaln\u0131zca \u015fimdi ger\u00e7ekten iyi anla\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yor.\n\u00d6rnek olarak karvakrol, proton y\u00f6nlendirici g\u00fcc\u00fcnde y\u0131k\u0131ma ve ATP havuzunda t\u00fckenmeye ard\u0131ndan da \u00f6l\u00fcme neden oldu\u011fu g\u00f6sterilmi\u015f; \u00e7ay a\u011fac\u0131 ya\u011f\u0131 ise zar\u0131n potasyum iyonlar\u0131na ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fini artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\nKarvakrol'un ayn\u0131 zamanda bakteri hareketlili\u011fini sa\u011flayan flagellay\u0131 olu\u015fturan protein olan flagellinin sentezini inhibe etti\u011fi g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir<\/mark><\/strong>.<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
*<\/mark>ANT\u0130V\u0130RAL ETK\u0130S\u0130 VE ETK\u0130 MEKAN\u0130ZMASI :<\/mark><\/strong>\nYak\u0131n zamanlarda, bir\u00e7ok yay\u0131mlar \u00e7ok say\u0131da esans ya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0 in vitro ortamdaki aktivitesini tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\ninvitro \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu zarfl\u0131 influenza ve HSV 1-2 kullan\u0131larak y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.\nAntiviral etkisinin mekanizmas\u0131ndan bahsedecek olursak, \u00e7o\u011fu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada antiviral etkileri konak h\u00fccre y\u00fczeyine tutulmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce ve sonra olarak incelenmi\u015ftir ve antiviral etkisi b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda y\u00fczeye tutulmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce vir\u00fcs partik\u00fcllerinin ya\u011f taraf\u0131ndan temizlenmesi veya h\u00fccrenin tekli katmanlar\u0131na eklenmesi ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.\nEtki etti\u011fi yer tam olarak tan\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ama test edilen vir\u00fcslerin \u00e7o\u011fu zarfl\u0131 vir\u00fcslerdir ve viral zarlar, konak h\u00fccrenin membran\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r ve 2 tabakal\u0131 fosfolipit katman\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131na sahiptir. \u00c7o\u011fu esans ya\u011f\u0131 biyolojik membranlar\u0131 par\u00e7alama kapasitesine sahip oldu\u011fundan viral zarlar\u0131 da par\u00e7alayabilir ve bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce elektron mikroskobisinde HSV 1'in  viral zar\u0131n\u0131n karanfil ve kekik ya\u011f\u0131 ile par\u00e7aland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi ile desteklenmi\u015ftir.<\/mark><\/strong><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
*<\/mark>ANT\u0130PROTOZOAL ETK\u0130 MEKAN\u0130ZMASI :<\/mark><\/strong>\nProtozoalar\u0131n ya\u015fam d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc bakteri ve mantarlara k\u0131yasla ne kadar kompleks ise duyarl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 saptamay\u0131 bir o kadar g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015ftirir.\n\u00c7o\u011fu y\u00f6ntem tripanozomal protozoalar\u0131n amastigot ve promastigot evreleri gibi 2 veya 1 ya\u015fam d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc evresinin duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 saptamaktad\u0131r. Antiprotozoal etkinin mekanizmas\u0131 2 t\u00fcrl\u00fc olur: do\u011frudan ve dolayl\u0131 olarak...\nEsans ya\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n protozoalar \u00fczerine olan do\u011frudan etkisi; flagella'n\u0131n zar\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7alanmas\u0131, mitokondrial \u015fi\u015fme, \u00e7ekirdekteki ve kinetoplasttaki (dairesel dna olarak mitokondrial genom kopyas\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131ran yaln\u0131zca kinetoplasea protozoa s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda bulunan kitle) d\u00fczenin tamamen bozulmas\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\nEsans ya\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n konak ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dolayl\u0131 olarak etki etti\u011fi de tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\n\u00d6rne\u011fin Croton cajucara (kraton) ya\u011f\u0131 enfekte peritoneal makrofajlar\u0131n nitritoksit \u00fcretimini art\u0131r\u0131r ve bu da h\u00fccre i\u00e7i parazitlere \u00f6ld\u00fcrmede \u00f6nemli bir mekanizmad\u0131r ancak bu ya\u011f\u0131n major bile\u015feni (linalool) bunu tek ba\u015f\u0131na yapamaz.<\/mark><\/strong><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                            B\u0130R SONUCA BA\u011eLAYACAK OLURSAK… <\/strong><\/mark>\ud83d\ude42 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
****Aktif bile\u015fen olarak lipit i\u00e7eren farmas\u00f6tik kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar \u015fu anda piyasada olsa da lipitlerin yararl\u0131 etkileri \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f umut verici sonu\u00e7lar daha \u00e7ok ticari kullan\u0131ma y\u00f6nlenmeye neden olmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00d6zellikle yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan antibiyotiklere dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015f patojenik mikroorganizmalara kar\u015f\u0131, ya\u011f asitlerinin terap\u00f6tik etkilerine de\u011fer bi\u00e7mek i\u00e7in geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131, iyi tasarlanm\u0131\u015f klinik denemeler gereklidir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu sebeple, lipitlerin faydal\u0131 \u00f6zellikleri \u00fczerine yap\u0131lacak daha fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n,  yak\u0131n gelecekte hastal\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi veya tedavisi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilecek lipit i\u00e7eren farmas\u00f6tik kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n piyasaya sunulmas\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fc olmas\u0131 beklenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Lipitler, uzun zamand\u0131r kozmetik \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin nemlendiriciden koruyucuya kadar uzanan i\u015fleve sahip \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.
Modern kozmetik \u00fcr\u00fcnler, daha karma\u015f\u0131k hale gelmekte ve lipitler lipozomlarda, mikro ve nanopartik\u00fcllerde ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
Geleneksel olarak lipitler yemeklerde yard\u0131mc\u0131 madde olarak veya besinsel de\u011ferlerinden dolay\u0131 t\u00fcketilmi\u015ftir ancak bununla beraber antimikrobiyal \u00f6zellikleri ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck toksititeleri sayesinde besinlerde koruyucu olarak kullan\u0131lmaya da adayd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
*Lipitlere benzer olarak, esans ya\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n ve olu\u015fumundaki bile\u015fenlerin biyolojik aktivite \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi de daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u015eu anda yemek sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde bir\u00e7ok i\u00e7ecek ve yiyecekte aroma verici ve otc ila\u00e7lar\u0131n etkin maddesi gibi vb. kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Geriye kalan zorlu g\u00f6rev ise esans ya\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n biyolojik etkilerinin \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini ve potansiyel kullan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n daha \u00f6tesini ke\u015ffetmektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7EV\u0130R\u0130DE YARARLANILAN KAYNAK: <\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Halldor T. (Ed.) (2011), Lipids and Essential Oils as Antimicrobial Agents, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, United Kingdom    <\/a>DOI:10.1002\/9780470976623<\/p>\n\n\n\n
*: Carson, C.F. and Hammer, K.A. (2011). Chemistry and Bioactivity of Essential Oils. In Lipids and Essential Oils as Antimicrobial Agents, H. Thormar (Ed.). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780470976623.ch9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
**: Quinn, P.J. (2011). Membranes as Targets of Antimicrobial Lipids. In Lipids and Essential Oils as Antimicrobial Agents, H. Thormar (Ed.). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780470976623.ch1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
***: Bergsson, G., Hilmarsson, H. and Thormar, H. (2011). Antibacterial, Antiviral and Antifungal Activities of Lipids. In Lipids and Essential Oils as Antimicrobial Agents, H. Thormar (Ed.). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780470976623.ch3<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
****: Kristmundsd\u00f3ttir, T. and Sk\u00falason, S. (2011). Lipids as Active Ingredients in Pharmaceuticals, Cosmetics and Health Foods. In Lipids and Essential Oils as Antimicrobial Agents, H. Thormar (Ed.). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780470976623.ch7<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
k\u0131s\u0131mlardan al\u0131narak \u00e7evirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
esans ya\u011flar\u0131 ve lipitler antimikrobiyal \u00f6zelli\u011fe mi sahip? <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1832,"featured_media":14704,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"image","meta":[],"categories":[2176,26,25,2172,23],"tags":[2466,2464,2465,76],"acf":[],"views":69,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14680"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1832"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14680"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14680\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14703,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14680\/revisions\/14703"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14704"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14680"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14680"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14680"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}