{"id":14980,"date":"2024-05-16T11:04:56","date_gmt":"2024-05-16T08:04:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=14980"},"modified":"2024-05-16T11:04:58","modified_gmt":"2024-05-16T08:04:58","slug":"miazma-miasma-teorisi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/tip-tarihi\/miazma-miasma-teorisi\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u0130AZMA (MIASMA) TEOR\u0130S\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

ORTA\u00c7A\u011e TIBBININ BASKIN \u0130NANI\u015eI…<\/mark><\/strong> HASTALI\u011eIN KAYNA\u011eINA M\u0130AZMA ADI VER\u0130L\u0130YORDU…. PEK\u0130, NED\u0130R BU M\u0130AZMA?…<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n miazma teorisi, hastal\u0131klar\u0131n miazma ad\u0131 verilen maddeler taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturuldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu. Miazmalar; koku\u015fan le\u015flerden, \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcyen bitkilerden ve mantarlardan, konutlar\u0131n i\u00e7erisindeki g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen toz par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131ndan yay\u0131lan zehirli s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131lard\u0131r. Miazman\u0131n tam kelime kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmamakla birlikte <\/strong><\/em>‘k\u00f6t\u00fc hava’ <\/mark><\/strong>olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir. S\u0131tma hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130talyancada k\u00f6t\u00fc hava anlam\u0131na gelen ”malarya” ismini, miazma kelimesine atfen alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu teori 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda pop\u00fclerle\u015fen mikrop teorisinden \u00f6nce hastal\u0131klar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in y\u00fczy\u0131llarca kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yunan hekimi Hipokrat k\u00f6t\u00fc havan\u0131n salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131n epidemilerine nedeni olabilece\u011fine inanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00f6nemin inan\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re ise k\u00f6t\u00fc hava salg\u0131n hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 temsil etmekteydi. Antik zamanlarda insanlar her hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc bir g\u00fc\u00e7 kaynakl\u0131 oldu\u011funa inanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r ve hastal\u0131klar\u0131 bu y\u00f6ntemle a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Antik d\u00f6nem t\u0131bb\u0131nda, hastal\u0131klar\u0131n tanr\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6nderilen bir \u00e7e\u015fit ceza ya da \u015feytanlar, hayaletler ve k\u00f6t\u00fc ruhlar\u0131n i\u015fi oldu\u011funa inan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte bu do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc sebeplerden kaynaklanan hastal\u0131klar\u0131n tan\u0131 ve tedavisi i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fc kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hipokrat bu do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc neden a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n\u0131 reddederek hastal\u0131klar\u0131n, hastan\u0131n \u00e7evresinden etkilendi\u011fi fikrini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. K\u00f6t\u00fc havan\u0131n zehirli olmas\u0131n\u0131n hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ana sebebi oldu\u011funu iddia etti\u011fi bu fikri, d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve d\u00f6nemin toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda bulunmu\u015ftur. Daha sonras\u0131nda bu teoriye ”miazma (miasma)” ismi verilmi\u015f ve T\u0131p biliminin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Roma d\u00f6nemi Yunan hekimlerinden Galen, havan\u0131n ne denli k\u00f6t\u00fc olmas\u0131n\u0131n insan bedenine verece\u011fi zarar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rarak k\u00f6t\u00fc hava teorisi \u00fczerine yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve havan\u0131n kirlili\u011finin her t\u00fcrl\u00fc hastal\u0131\u011fa sebep olabilece\u011fi sonucuna ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Orta \u00c7a\u011f T\u0131bb\u0131nda ”k\u00f6t\u00fc hava teorisi” bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamada kullan\u0131lan ana d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce olmu\u015ftur. Katalonya’da Usta Jacme d\u2019Agramont ad\u0131nda bir Lerida hekimi, 1348 Nisan ay\u0131nda veba hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine olan yaz\u0131s\u0131nda, \u00e7o\u011fu hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir insan\u0131 \u00e7evreleyen havan\u0131n kirlenmesinden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131na inand\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsetmi\u015ftir ve yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli kalitedeki havay\u0131 tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015f; ne gibi fakt\u00f6rlerin havan\u0131n kirlenmesine sebep oldu\u011funu ve farkl\u0131 t\u00fcr pis havan\u0131n insan bedeninde belirli hastal\u0131klara sebep oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. 1349’da \u0130spanyol-Arap hekim \u0130bn-i Khatimah, hastal\u0131klar\u0131n direkt nedeninin insanlar\u0131n soludu\u011fu havan\u0131n kirlenmesine ba\u011fl\u0131 olu\u011funu savunan bir makale yazm\u0131\u015f, bu makalesinde pis havan\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fc kokusundan tan\u0131nabilece\u011finden bahsetmi\u015ftir.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

19. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6ncesi hekimleri, k\u00f6t\u00fc hava teorisine ba\u011fnazcas\u0131na inanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir \u00f6rnek verecek olursak; Britanya Parlamentosu 1388 kanununda, havan\u0131n pislenmesine ve bu nedenle bir\u00e7ok hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n sebebi oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle sakatat le\u015f organ ve di\u011fer g\u00fcbrelerin nehirlere su kanallar\u0131n\u0131 ve di\u011fer yerlere at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em> 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda miazma teorisi, \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcyen organizma kaynakl\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fc kokunun oldu\u011fu yerlerde kolera ve di\u011fer hastal\u0131klar\u0131n neden yayg\u0131n oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klama konusunda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalar ard\u0131ndan kolera ve di\u011fer hastal\u0131klar\u0131n epidemilerini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in miazma i\u00e7eren havadan ka\u00e7\u0131nman\u0131n gerekli oldu\u011fu fikirleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda hijyen reformlar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f, hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 azaltmakta ve yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 hakk\u0131nda yeni bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla yeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7o\u011fu bilim adam\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan mikrop teorisinin ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n at\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Geli\u015fmi\u015f hijyen sistemi, koleran\u0131n yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 azaltsa da ona kar\u015f\u0131 tam bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

19 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k’ta bir\u00e7ok insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne sebep olan bu epidemi, miazma teorisinin insanlar\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fc havadan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok \u00f6nlem almaya te\u015fvik etmi\u015f olsa da koleran\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir azalma yaratamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte bu zamanlarda, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131n\u0131n hekimi olan John Snow, koleran\u0131n yay\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ana sebebinin miyazma de\u011fil de i\u00e7me suyu yoluyla, yiyecek arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ya da elden a\u011f\u0131za yay\u0131labilen bir etken taraf\u0131ndan olabilece\u011fi hipotezine vard\u0131. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na g\u00f6re bu etken insandan insana i\u00e7me suyu yoluyla yay\u0131l\u0131yordu. Ancak onun bu teorisi, d\u00f6nemin bask\u0131n miyazma teorisini reddetti\u011fi ve daha yeni ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flayan ”mikrop teorisi”ni destekledi\u011fi i\u00e7in, t\u0131bb\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen hekimler taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilmemi\u015fti. William Farr, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen epidemiyolojistlerinden biriydi ve 1952’de Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k’\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131k istatikleri \u00fczerine yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131ll\u0131k raporunda, kolera \u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin deniz seviyesi ile olan ters ili\u015fkisini miyazma teorisini kan\u0131tlamak i\u00e7in kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u015fekilde, Snow’un mikrop teorisini destekleyen hipotezini reddedebilmi\u015ftir. D\u00f6nemin \u00e7o\u011fu t\u0131p bilim insan\u0131 koleran\u0131n sebebini a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in, mikrop teorisini destekleyen bir s\u00fcr\u00fc kan\u0131t olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, miazma teorisini kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

185. Londra \u015fehir \u015febeke suyu d\u00fczenlemesi, \u015firketlerin su al\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n 31 A\u011fustos 1856’da Thames Nehrinden Teddington kanal havuzuna ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmesinin sard\u0131ndan 10 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde \u0130ngiltere kolera salg\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu olay\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Farr, koleran\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fc havadan de\u011fil kontamine olmu\u015f su kayna\u011f\u0131ndan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark etmi\u015fti. Daha sonra ise, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131na do\u011fru ”hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n mikrop teorisi” yava\u015f yava\u015f miazma teorisinin yerini almaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mikrop teorisi, \u00e7o\u011fu hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n, spesifik mikroorganizmalar\u0131n insan bedeninde bulunmalar\u0131yla ona etkileri sonucu oldu\u011funa de\u011finmekteydi. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, hastal\u0131klar\u0131n mikroplarla yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmekteydi.<\/em> Bu teori, \u00e7o\u011fu hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n sebebi k\u00f6t\u00fc hava de\u011fil; hastal\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6zellikle su, yiyecek, insanlar\u0131n birbiriyle temas\u0131 ya da hava arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile temaslar\u0131 sonucu yay\u0131labilecek mikroorganizmalar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunuyordu.<\/em> Mikrop teorisi, hastal\u0131klar\u0131n nas\u0131l olu\u015ftu\u011funa ve toplumda nas\u0131l yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r bir a\u00e7\u0131klama getirmekte ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Bu durum, bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n miazma teorisinden mikrop teorisine ge\u00e7melerine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na geldi\u011fimizdeyse mikrop teorisi miazma teorisine tam anlam\u0131yla bask\u0131n gelmi\u015ftir.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

KAYNAK:<\/mark><\/strong> Kannadan, Ajesh (2018) “History of the Miasma Theory of Disease,”\u00a0ESSAI<\/em>: Vol. 16, Article 18 : https:\/\/dc.cod.edu\/essai\/vol16\/iss1\/18<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(D\u00fczenlenerek \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

ORTA\u00c7A\u011e TIBBININ BASKIN \u0130NANI\u015eI… HASTALI\u011eIN KAYNA\u011eINA M\u0130AZMA ADI VER\u0130L\u0130YORDU…. PEK\u0130, NED\u0130R BU M\u0130AZMA?… Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n miazma teorisi, hastal\u0131klar\u0131n miazma ad\u0131 verilen<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1832,"featured_media":14989,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[2176,25,6],"tags":[76,2468,34],"acf":[],"views":108,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14980"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1832"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14980"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14980\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14988,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14980\/revisions\/14988"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14989"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14980"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14980"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14980"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}