{"id":15002,"date":"2024-07-28T15:36:44","date_gmt":"2024-07-28T12:36:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=15002"},"modified":"2025-02-16T16:14:41","modified_gmt":"2025-02-16T13:14:41","slug":"evrim-teorisi-ve-bilimsel-bilgiye-giris","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/evrim-teorisi-ve-bilimsel-bilgiye-giris\/","title":{"rendered":"Evrim Teorisi ve Bilimsel Bilgiye Giri\u015f"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u00d6ncelikle Evrim ve Evrim Teorisi konusundaki yaz\u0131 serimin ilki ile kar\u015f\u0131n\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktan mutluluk ve onur duyuyorum. Uzun zamand\u0131r haz\u0131rl\u0131k a\u015famas\u0131nda olmas\u0131 ve daha g\u00fcvenilir kaynaklardan toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131m bilgilerin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in belli bir s\u00fcredir beklemedeydi. \u0130lk ba\u015fta daha \u00e7ok kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 sohbet tarz\u0131nda yazmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131m sonralar\u0131 daha profesyonel bir yaz\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme fikri ile devam etti\u011fim en sonunda ise hap bilgi ve k\u0131sa k\u0131sa konulara sizi a\u015fina etmek istedi\u011fim bir fikirler dalgas\u0131 ile son buldu. Umar\u0131m bu blog yaz\u0131m\u0131 be\u011fenir ve yorum yapars\u0131n\u0131z. Bu yaz\u0131dan ilk beklentim serinin devam\u0131 i\u00e7in bana \u00f6neri, ele\u015ftiri ve \u00f6rnek niteli\u011finde olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Hepinize iyi okumalar dilerim<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Bilimsel ve Felsefi Bak\u0131\u015f A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla Hipotez ve Teoriler<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn i\u00e7eri\u011finin k\u0131saca baz\u0131 bilimsel bilgi a\u015famalar\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n akademideki kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 ile size bir nevi hat\u0131rlatma niteli\u011finde olmas\u0131n\u0131 istedim. \u0130sterseniz h\u0131zl\u0131ca baz\u0131 terimlere g\u00f6z atal\u0131m<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Ne &#8211; bize sadece ger\u00e7e\u011fi verir<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Ger\u00e7ekleri anlamak ve \u00f6\u011frenmek, var olan durumlar\u0131 tan\u0131mlamaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Bu, g\u00f6zlemlerimizin ve deneyimlerimizin temelini olu\u015fturur.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Neden ve Nas\u0131l &#8211; ger\u00e7eklerin sebeplerini ve ger\u00e7eklerin birbiriyle olan ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 verir<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Bu sorular, ger\u00e7eklerin ard\u0131ndaki nedenleri ve ili\u015fkileri ke\u015ffetmemizi sa\u011flar. Bilimsel y\u00f6ntemlerin temeli bu t\u00fcr sorular\u0131 cevaplamaya dayan\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu sorular\u0131 sordu\u011fumuzda, cevap olarak \u00fcretti\u011fimiz arg\u00fcmanlara ise hipotez diyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Hipotezler:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Hipotezler, ger\u00e7e\u011fi yans\u0131tmak zorunda de\u011fildir, ancak mutlaka verilerle geli\u015ftirece\u011fimiz teori aras\u0131nda k\u00f6pr\u00fc g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rmek zorundad\u0131r.<\/li><li>E\u011fer elimizdeki di\u011fer ger\u00e7eklerle bu ilk ba\u011flant\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 birbirine ba\u011flayabilirsek, bir teori in\u015fa etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oluruz ve daha \u00f6zel a\u00e7\u0131klamalardan daha genel a\u00e7\u0131klamalara gitmeye ba\u015flar\u0131z.<\/li><li>Hipotez, ispatland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da yanl\u0131\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman teori olmaz.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Teoriler:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Do\u011fadaki ger\u00e7ekleri birbirine ba\u011flayarak, \u00fcretti\u011fimiz genel a\u00e7\u0131klamalar iken, hipotezler bu ger\u00e7ekler ile teoriler aras\u0131ndaki k\u00f6pr\u00fclerdir.<\/li><li>Bilim literat\u00fcr\u00fcnden &#8216;kanun&#8217; kelimesi h\u0131zla \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc en g\u00fcvenilir olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen bilgilerin bile daha iyi ve kapsaml\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalarla de\u011fi\u015febilece\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li><li>Teorilerin ispatlanmam\u0131\u015f arg\u00fcmanlar de\u011fil, \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc do\u011fa ger\u00e7ekleri \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f, de\u011fi\u015fken kapsamdaki a\u00e7\u0131klama g\u00fc\u00e7lerine sahip bilgi b\u00fct\u00fcnleri oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li>Yeni teorilerin, bir \u00f6nceki teorilerin yerine ge\u00e7mesinden \u00e7ok, onlar\u0131n kapsam\u0131n\u0131 ve a\u00e7\u0131klama g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc geli\u015ftirdi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Ancak yeni bulgular, \u00f6nceki teorilerin temellerini olu\u015fturan hipotezlerin a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015flamay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131yorsa, \u00f6nceki teoriden tamamen vazge\u00e7ilebilir.<\/li><li>Teoriler, bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131klama g\u00fcc\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn doru\u011fudur. Teorilerden daha kapsaml\u0131 bir a\u00e7\u0131klama grubu bilinmemektedir. E\u011fer teoriler ile kanunlar aras\u0131nda bir hiyerar\u015fi kurulacaksa teoriler, kanunlar \u00fczerine kurulan, onlar\u0131 kapsayan kalelerdir.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-left\">Otojenik ve Filogenetik De\u011fi\u015fimler<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Otojenik de\u011fi\u015fimler<\/strong>: Canl\u0131lar\u0131n kendi \u00f6m\u00fcrleri i\u00e7erisindeki de\u011fi\u015fimleridir; geli\u015fimdir.<\/li><li><strong>Filogenetik de\u011fi\u015fimler<\/strong>: Nesiller i\u00e7erisinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen de\u011fi\u015fimlerdir; evrimdir.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4>Evrim Kuram\u0131 Kusursuz De\u011fildir<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Hi\u00e7bir zaman kusursuz olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bug\u00fcn de \u00f6yle de\u011fildir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Darwin kuram\u0131n\u0131 ortaya ilk att\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini bilmiyordu ve &#8216;pangenez&#8217; ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi bir hipotezi ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu hipoteze g\u00f6re, yavrular\u0131n ebeveynlerine benzemesinin nedeni, ebeveynlerin t\u00fcm organlar\u0131na do\u011fru hareket ederek, spermlerde toplanan &#8216;bilgilerdi&#8217; (bu bilgi ta\u015f\u0131yan par\u00e7alara Darwin &#8216;Gem\u00fcl&#8217; ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015fti). Yani her \u00fcreme \u00f6ncesinde spermler, v\u00fccudumuzun her noktas\u0131ndan kan yoluyla ta\u015f\u0131nan yap\u0131lar\u0131 (gem\u00fclleri) edinirdi ve bu sayede yavrulara bu bilgiler aktar\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Ancak Darwin, kal\u0131t\u0131m ile ilgili bu a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131ndan tam olarak emin olamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in &#8216;Pangenez&#8217; fikrini Evrim Kuram\u0131\u2019na asla dahil etmedi. Mendel ve sonras\u0131ndaki bilim insanlar\u0131 bu konuya a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getirdi. Neyse ki bu zay\u0131f teorisini, Evrim Teorisi ile birle\u015ftirmeyecek kadar bilin\u00e7li ve zekiydi.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4>Kuramlar\u0131 \u00c7\u00fcr\u00fctmek<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Bir kuram\u0131 tamam\u0131yla \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmek istiyorsan\u0131z, o kuram\u0131n dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011fa ger\u00e7eklerini ba\u011flayan, test edilmi\u015f hipotezlerin her birini tek tek \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmeniz gerekmektedir; yani ger\u00e7ekler ile teori aras\u0131ndaki k\u00f6pr\u00fcleri k\u0131rman\u0131z gerekmektedir. Benzer \u015fekilde Evrim Kuram\u0131\u2019n\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmek istiyorsan\u0131z sadece bir do\u011fa yasas\u0131 olarak evrimi de\u011fil, di\u011fer do\u011fa yasalar\u0131 olan se\u00e7ilim ve genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik ger\u00e7eklerini de yanl\u0131\u015flamak durumundas\u0131n\u0131z. Bunlar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7ok zordur hatta pratik olarak imkans\u0131zd\u0131r. T\u0131pk\u0131 b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z cisimlerin yere d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ger\u00e7e\u011fini \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmenin pratik olarak imkans\u0131z olmas\u0131 gibi.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized is-style-rounded\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/db6a099f5fb73386f32c77b06fade9f3.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15015\" width=\"763\" height=\"477\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Zaman \u0130\u00e7inde Canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n Evrimi ve D\u00fcnya&#8217;n\u0131n Geli\u015fimi<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h4>1. D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n ve \u0130lk Ya\u015fam\u0131n Ortaya \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>4.5 Milyar Y\u0131l \u00d6nce: D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n Olu\u015fumu<\/strong><ul><li>G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemi&#8217;nin olu\u015fumuna paralel olarak, D\u00fcnya yakla\u015f\u0131k 4.5 milyar y\u0131l \u00f6nce olu\u015ftu. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, gezegenimizin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n temellerini att\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>4 Milyar Y\u0131l \u00d6nce: \u0130lk Ya\u015fam \u0130zleri<\/strong><ul><li>Yakla\u015f\u0131k 4 milyar y\u0131l \u00f6nce, D\u00fcnya&#8217;da ilk ya\u015fam izlerine rastlanmaktad\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde basit h\u00fccresel yap\u0131lar ve biyokimyasal s\u00fcre\u00e7ler olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>3.5 Milyar Y\u0131l \u00d6nce: Fotosentez ve Oksijen Devrimi<\/strong><ul><li>Atmosferde serbest oksijenin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde, fotosentez yapabilen siyanobakteriler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu bakteriler, oksijen \u00fcretmeye ba\u015flayarak atmosferin oksijenlenmesine katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4>2. H\u00fccresel Evrim ve \u00c7ok H\u00fccrelili\u011fe Ge\u00e7i\u015f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>1.9 Milyar Y\u0131l \u00d6nce: \u00d6karyotik H\u00fccrelerin Ortaya \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><ul><li>D\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde uzun s\u00fcre yaln\u0131zca prokaryotik h\u00fccreler (bakteriler ve arkeler) bulunmaktayd\u0131. Ancak bu d\u00f6nemde, karma\u015f\u0131k yap\u0131l\u0131 h\u00fccreler (\u00f6karyotlar) evrimle\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>1.8 Milyar Y\u0131l \u00d6nce: Protistalar\u0131n Evrimi<\/strong><ul><li>Protistalar, hem tek h\u00fccreli hem de \u00e7ok h\u00fccreli organizmalar\u0131n atalar\u0131 olarak kabul edilir ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 1.8 milyar y\u0131l \u00f6nce evrimle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu grup, canl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitlenmesinde kritik bir rol oynad\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>1.1 Milyar Y\u0131l \u00d6nce: \u00c7ok H\u00fccreli Organizmalara Ge\u00e7i\u015f<\/strong><ul><li>\u00c7ok h\u00fccreli organizmalar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde h\u0131z kazand\u0131. Denizlerde ya\u015fayan basit yap\u0131daki organizmalar zamanla daha karma\u015f\u0131k yap\u0131lara evrildi.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4>3. Hayvanlar\u0131n ve Bitkilerin Evrimi<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>650 Milyon Y\u0131l \u00d6nce: \u0130lk Hayvanlar\u0131n Ortaya \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><ul><li>Yakla\u015f\u0131k 650 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce, s\u00fcnger benzeri basit hayvanlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu organizmalar, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n atalar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>570 Milyon Y\u0131l \u00d6nce: Kambriyen Patlamas\u0131<\/strong><ul><li>Kambriyen d\u00f6neminde, yakla\u015f\u0131k 570 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce, hayvanlar\u0131n h\u0131zla \u00e7e\u015fitlendi\u011fi &#8220;Kambriyen Patlamas\u0131&#8221; ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Bu d\u00f6nemde, denizlerde bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 hayvan t\u00fcr\u00fc ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>460 Milyon Y\u0131l \u00d6nce: Karada Ya\u015fam\u0131n Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131<\/strong><ul><li>\u0130lk bitkiler bu d\u00f6nemde karaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve ard\u0131ndan ilk omurgal\u0131lar (tetrapodlar) karada ya\u015famaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4>4. Memelilerin ve Primatlar\u0131n Evrimi<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>280 Milyon Y\u0131l \u00d6nce: Memelilerin Atalar\u0131<\/strong><ul><li>Permiyen d\u00f6nemde, yakla\u015f\u0131k 280 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce, memelilerin atalar\u0131 olan sinapsidler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemde kara ekosistemleri tamamen s\u00fcr\u00fcngenlerin kontrol\u00fcndeydi.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>60 Milyon Y\u0131l \u00d6nce: \u0130lk Primatlar<\/strong><ul><li>Yakla\u015f\u0131k 60 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce, primatlar\u0131n atalar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemde, ilk primatlar\u0131n ormanl\u0131k alanlarda ya\u015famaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck beyinleriyle dikkat \u00e7ektikleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4>5. \u0130nsan Evrimi<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>6 Milyon Y\u0131l \u00d6nce: \u0130nsan-\u015eempanze Ayr\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><ul><li>\u0130nsan soy hatt\u0131 ile \u015fempanzeler aras\u0131ndaki son ortak atan\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 6 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Bu t\u00fcrler, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz insanlar\u0131na pek benzemeyen, iki ayak \u00fczerinde y\u00fcr\u00fcmeye yeni ba\u015flayan ve daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck beyinlere sahip canl\u0131lard\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>300 Bin Y\u0131l \u00d6nce: Homo Sapiens\u2019in Ortaya \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><ul><li>Homo sapiens, yani modern insan\u0131n atalar\u0131, yakla\u015f\u0131k 300 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce Afrika&#8217;da ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde, insana benzeyen t\u00fcrler ta\u015f aletler kullan\u0131yor ve ate\u015fi kontrol ediyorlard\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size\">Okyanuslar ve Canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Okyanuslardan olu\u015fan D\u00fcnya, canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n olu\u015fumu a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kritik bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hen\u00fcz atmosferin tam olarak olu\u015famamas\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, G\u00fcne\u015f&#8217;ten gelen y\u00fcksek enerjili radyoaktif \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131mlar su taraf\u0131ndan engellenmi\u015ftir. Bu radyoaktif \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar, okyanus y\u00fczeyinin ortalama 200 metreden daha derinlerine ula\u015famamaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle, bu derinli\u011fin alt\u0131nda g\u00f6rece daha kararl\u0131 ve d\u00fczenli alanlar olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size\">Hidrotermal Bacalar ve Kimyasal Tepkimeler<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Okyanus taban\u0131ndaki hidrotermal bacalar, yeralt\u0131ndan gelen hidrojen, metan, karbondioksit, hidrojen siyanid, nitrojen ve benzeri bir\u00e7ok kimyasal\u0131n zaman i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f noktalar\u0131 etraf\u0131na y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Bu bacalar, mikro-odac\u0131k ad\u0131 verilen kaps\u00fclleri i\u00e7erir. Bu odac\u0131klar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan pirit ve kalkopirit isimli kimyasallar, bir\u00e7ok di\u011fer kimyasal tepkimeyi h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 (kataliz\u00f6r) etkiye sahiptir. Bacalar\u0131n etraf\u0131ndaki y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klardan, okyanusun di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerindeki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klara do\u011fru yumu\u015fak bir s\u0131cakl\u0131k ge\u00e7i\u015finin olmas\u0131, \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli tepkimelerin kendi uygun b\u00f6lgelerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine imkan tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca okyanus, uzaydan gelen y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkilere kar\u015f\u0131 kalkan g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size\">\u0130lk Ya\u011f Molek\u00fclleri ve Lipitler<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk ad\u0131mlar\u0131ndan birinin ya\u011f molek\u00fcllerinin olu\u015fumu oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Lipitler, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki b\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131lar\u0131n h\u00fccre zarlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan, koruyucu ve canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n olu\u015fumuna zemin haz\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131 molek\u00fcllerdir. Fischer-Tropsch Tepkimesi ile karboksil olu\u015fmu\u015ftur ve karboksilin hidrotermal baca etraf\u0131nda y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n etkisiyle metan gaz\u0131yla tepkimesinden ya\u011f asitleri olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Cross-Canizzaro Tepkimesi ile birlikte gliserol molek\u00fclleri olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6ylece lipitlerin ana iki maddesi ya\u011f asitleri ve gliseroller ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lipitler amfipatik yap\u0131dad\u0131rlar. Bir u\u00e7lar\u0131 suyu kendine \u00e7eker, di\u011fer ucu ise sudan ka\u00e7ar. Bu sayede ya\u011flar, su i\u00e7erisinde i\u00e7i su dolu k\u00fcresel z\u0131rhlar olu\u015fturur. Bu ya\u011flar\u0131n en dengeli ve en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck potansiyel enerjili halidir. Bu z\u0131rh i\u00e7erisinde hapsolmu\u015f kimyasallar d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan izole olmaktad\u0131r. Bu durum, kimyasal tepkimelerin daha d\u00fczenli ve dengede bulunabilmesini sa\u011flar. B\u00f6ylece olu\u015fabilecek tepkimeler daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilir ve yeni, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck, daha kararl\u0131 yap\u0131lar \u00fcretebilirler. Bu ya\u011f z\u0131rh\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde hapsolmu\u015f ve daha yo\u011fun kimyasal ta\u015f\u0131yan kimyasal tepkimelerin s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ilkin h\u00fccre-benzeri yap\u0131lara koaservat ya da \u00f6n-h\u00fccre denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Koaservatlar Canl\u0131 m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Koaservatlar, canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden yap\u0131lar olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. Canl\u0131l\u0131k tan\u0131m\u0131 genellikle \u015fu temel \u00f6zellikleri i\u00e7erir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Metabolizma:<\/strong> Kimyasal reaksiyonlar yoluyla enerji \u00fcretimi ve kullan\u0131m.<\/li><li><strong>\u00c7o\u011falma:<\/strong> Kendini kopyalayabilme yetene\u011fi.<\/li><li><strong>Homeostaz:<\/strong> \u0130\u00e7 ortam\u0131n sabit tutulmas\u0131.<\/li><li><strong>Tepki verme:<\/strong> \u00c7evresel de\u011fi\u015fimlere yan\u0131t verme.<\/li><li><strong>Geli\u015fim ve b\u00fcy\u00fcme.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Koaservatlar bu \u00f6zelliklerin hepsine sahip de\u011fildir. \u00d6zellikle kendi kendine \u00e7o\u011falma ve metabolizma yetenekleri tam olarak geli\u015fmi\u015f de\u011fildir. Bu y\u00fczden koaservatlar canl\u0131 olarak kabul edilmezler. Ancak, canl\u0131 h\u00fccrelerin evriminde \u00f6nemli bir ara basamak olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilirler ve canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n kimyasal k\u00f6kenlerini anlamam\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olurlar. Bu t\u00fcr yap\u0131lar, daha karma\u015f\u0131k biyolojik sistemlerin evrimine zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f olabilirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 ve Evrim S\u00fcreci: Metabolizma ve RNA Hipotezleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131na dair \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen teoriler aras\u0131nda iki ana hipotez \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r: &#8220;\u00d6nce Metabolizma&#8221; ve &#8220;\u00d6nce RNA&#8221; hipotezleri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-medium-font-size\">\u00d6nce Metabolizma Hipotezi<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu hipoteze g\u00f6re, genetik materyalden \u00f6nce metabolizmay\u0131 sa\u011flayacak yap\u0131lar\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011fu, daha sonra ise genlerin olu\u015ftu\u011fu iddia edilir. Yani, ya\u015fam\u0131n temel yap\u0131 ta\u015flar\u0131 olan metabolik s\u00fcre\u00e7ler, genetik materyalden \u00f6nce evrimle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin sonucunda genlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-medium-font-size\">\u00d6nce RNA Hipotezi<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu hipotez ise, genetik materyalin \u00f6nce olu\u015ftu\u011funu ve bu sayede metabolik faaliyetlere kat\u0131lacak kimyasallar\u0131n da \u00fcretilebildi\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrer. RNA, bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te merkezi bir rol oynar. Genetik materyalin olu\u015fumundaki en \u00f6nemli ad\u0131m\u0131n, ribozim ad\u0131 verilen bir enzimin do\u011fal s\u00fcre\u00e7ler i\u00e7erisinde olu\u015fmas\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Ribozim, ilk olarak basit bir RNA molek\u00fcl\u00fc formundad\u0131r ve RNA\u2019n\u0131n atasal molek\u00fcl\u00fc olarak kabul edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Ribozim: Oto-Kataliz\u00f6r RNA Molek\u00fcl\u00fc<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Ribozim, oto-kataliz\u00f6r olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r, yani etraftaki basit molek\u00fclleri kullanarak kendisinin kopyalar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturabilir. Bu molek\u00fcl y\u00fcksek h\u0131zda olu\u015fur ve RNA\u2019n\u0131n sadece DNA\u2019dan sentezlenebilece\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki eski g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc y\u0131kar. Retrovir\u00fcslerin ke\u015ffi, RNA\u2019n\u0131n gerekti\u011finde DNA\u2019y\u0131 sentezleyebildi\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bu ke\u015fif, biyolojinin merkezi dogmas\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Modern Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar ve RNA Olu\u015fumu<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Modern ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, ribozim varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duymaks\u0131z\u0131n da genetik materyalin temellerini olu\u015fturan n\u00fckleotitlerin, sonras\u0131nda ise RNA\u2019n\u0131n olu\u015fabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 2007\u2019de Dr. Raffaele Saladino ve ekibi, 140\u00b0C s\u0131cakl\u0131kta okyanus tabanlar\u0131nda bolca bulunan formamid molek\u00fclleri kullanarak, ortamda bulunan borat molek\u00fcllerinin h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 etkisiyle 48 saatte t\u00fcm n\u00fckleotitleri \u00fcretebilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca, 1997 y\u0131l\u0131nda ke\u015ffedilen Ferris-Orgel Tepkimesi ile s\u0131v\u0131 formaldehit, s\u0131v\u0131 formamid, suyla deri\u015fik amonyak ve kalsiyum fosfat kullan\u0131larak k\u0131sa bir RNA molek\u00fcl\u00fc elde edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Lipitler ve Koaservatlar<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Ya\u011f z\u0131rh\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde s\u0131k\u0131\u015fan RNA\u2019lar, zaman i\u00e7erisinde DNA\u2019y\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015f ve genetik aktar\u0131m\u0131 ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015f olabilirler. DNA\u2019n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 ile daha kaotik olan tepkimeler bir d\u00fczene girmi\u015ftir. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, molek\u00fcler evrim olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Yapay Genom ve Modern Deneyler<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>20 May\u0131s 2010\u2019da Craig Venter ve ekibi, kimyasal olarak sentezlenmi\u015f bir genom ile yarat\u0131lan bakteri h\u00fccresini tan\u0131tt\u0131lar. Bu deneyde, adenin, timin, guanin ve sitozin n\u00fckleotitlerini bir araya getirerek yapay DNA dizilerini olu\u015fturdular ve bu dizileri kendi genomu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir bakteriye aktard\u0131lar. Bu deney, canl\u0131lar\u0131n genetik materyalinin yapay olarak sentezlenebilece\u011fini ve i\u015flevsel hale getirilebilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Aminoasitlerin Do\u011fal S\u00fcre\u00e7lerle Olu\u015fumu<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>1828 y\u0131l\u0131nda Friedrich W\u00f6hler, sulu amonyum siyanat kullanarak aminoasitlerin do\u011fal s\u00fcre\u00e7lerle var olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi. 1850 y\u0131l\u0131nda Dr. Adolphe Strecker, asetaldehit, amonyak ve hidrojen siyanit kullanarak iki aminoasiti \u00fcretti. 1953 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Miller-Urey Deneyi ise, canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131lan 22 aminoasiti do\u011fal s\u00fcre\u00e7lerle \u00fcretmi\u015ftir. Bu deney, evrimin ilk ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n atmosferde de\u011fil, okyanus tabanlar\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-medium-font-size\">\u015eekerlerin ve Di\u011fer Hayat Molek\u00fcllerinin Olu\u015fumu<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>1989 y\u0131l\u0131nda Dr. Egen T. Degens, \u015fekerlerin de do\u011fal s\u00fcre\u00e7lerle var olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bu deneyde, k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde \u015fekerlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra n\u00fckleotitler ve ya\u011flar da olu\u015fabilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Evrim ve Bilimsel Temelleri<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Evrim, y\u00fcksek bir rastgelelik fakt\u00f6r\u00fcyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen kimyasal tepkimelerden ortama en uygun yap\u0131daki \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmesi ve genetik y\u00f6ntemlerle bu s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin temellerinin gelecek nesillere aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecidir. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, yakla\u015f\u0131k 600 milyon y\u0131l gibi uzun s\u00fcreler boyunca s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Koaservatlar, uzun vadeli s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirliklerini sa\u011flad\u0131ktan sonra, daha karma\u015f\u0131k ya\u015fam formlar\u0131na do\u011fru evrimle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Her basamak bilimsel olarak ve do\u011fal s\u00fcre\u00e7lerle a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir, test edilip onaylanabilir veya yanl\u0131\u015flanabilir. Evrimsel biyoloji, canl\u0131lar\u0131n yoktan bir anda var oldu\u011funu de\u011fil, basit yap\u0131lar\u0131n zaman i\u00e7inde karma\u015f\u0131k yap\u0131lara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc savunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size\">Spontane Jenerasyon ve Biyogenez<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Spontane jenerasyon (bir anda oluverme)<\/strong> d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi neredeyse 2000 y\u0131l boyunca canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131yla ilgili en temel a\u00e7\u0131klama konumundayd\u0131. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, <strong>Antik Yunan<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve uzun s\u00fcre ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini korudu. Ancak bu iddiaya en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc darbeyi <strong>Francesco Redi<\/strong> vurmu\u015ftur. Redi, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 et suyu ve sinek deneyiyle, biyogenez fikrini sa\u011flam temellere oturtan ilk ki\u015fi oldu. Redi&#8217;nin deneyleri tarihteki ilk kontroll\u00fc deneylerden biridir ve canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n cans\u0131z maddelerden bir anda olu\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Ancak, baz\u0131 ele\u015ftirmenler, kaplara oksijen girmemesi nedeniyle sinek olu\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmi\u015flerdir. Bu tart\u0131\u015fmaya son noktay\u0131 koyan ise <strong>Louis Pasteur<\/strong> olmu\u015ftur. Pasteur, oksijenin kaplara girmesini sa\u011flayarak ayn\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 elde etti ve b\u00f6ylelikle canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n cans\u0131zl\u0131ktan bir anda ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kesin olarak g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size\">Miller-Urey Deneyi ve Abiyogenez<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Redi ve Pasteur&#8217;un yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 deneyler, karma\u015f\u0131k yap\u0131l\u0131 canl\u0131lar\u0131n cans\u0131z maddelerden bir anda var olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, <strong>Miller-Urey Deneyi<\/strong> gibi deneyler ise canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturacak yap\u0131ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n inorganik molek\u00fcllerden evrimle\u015febilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Miller ve Urey&#8217;in 1953 y\u0131l\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 deney, ilkel d\u00fcnya ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 sim\u00fcle ederek organik molek\u00fcllerin (aminoasitler, \u015fekerler, n\u00fckleik asitler ve gliserol) do\u011fal s\u00fcre\u00e7lerle olu\u015fabilece\u011fini kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu deney, canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131na kadar izleyece\u011fimiz soy hatlar\u0131nda her zaman canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n, kendisinden \u00f6nceki canl\u0131lardan olu\u015ftu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Ancak canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n cans\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7erisinden evrimle\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size\">Entropi ve Canl\u0131l\u0131k<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Entropiye (d\u00fczensizlik) enerji sarf ederek kar\u015f\u0131 koyabilen ve bir yap\u0131sal organizasyon ile bu enerjiyi \u00fcretmesini sa\u011flayan i\u00e7 aktiviteye sahip olan varl\u0131k formlar\u0131 <strong>canl\u0131<\/strong> olarak isimlendirilir. \u00dcstelik canl\u0131lar, d\u00fczensizlikten do\u011fal kuvvetler alt\u0131nda d\u00fczenin olu\u015ftu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz tek \u00f6rnek de\u011fildir. Bu, abiyogenez konusunu termodinami\u011fin ikinci yasas\u0131na \u00e7eli\u015fmekle ele\u015ftirenlere g\u00fczel bir a\u00e7\u0131klama sunmaktad\u0131r. Evrim; d\u00fczensiz yap\u0131lar\u0131n d\u00fczenli yap\u0131lara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc olarak tan\u0131mlanamaz. Evrimde illa daha karma\u015f\u0131k yap\u0131lar\u0131n evrimle\u015fmesi \u015fart de\u011fildir. \u00d6nemli olan, var olan varyasyonlar\u0131n \u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131na g\u00f6re hayatta kalmas\u0131 veya elenmesi, b\u00f6ylece kendini tan\u0131mlayan genleri daha fazla aktarmas\u0131 veya aktaramamas\u0131d\u0131r. Canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 canl\u0131 yapan \u00f6zellik, kendi d\u00fczensizli\u011fini aktif olarak azaltma \u00e7abas\u0131d\u0131r. Bunu yapman\u0131n tek yolu beslenmedir ve t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar, \u00e7evrelerinden besin ve enerji almak zorundad\u0131rlar. Aksi takdirde d\u00fczensizli\u011fe yenik d\u00fc\u015fer ve \u00f6l\u00fcrler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size\">Koaservatlar ve \u0130lk Canl\u0131lar<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Koaservatlardan (\u00f6n h\u00fccreler)<\/strong> evrimle\u015fmi\u015f ilk canl\u0131lar\u0131n tamam\u0131 prokaryotik yap\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, prokaryotlar i\u00e7erisinde bakteriler ve arkeler bulunmaktad\u0131r. Prokaryotlar, canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n evriminden sonra yakla\u015f\u0131k 1.5 milyar y\u0131l boyunca D\u00fcnya\u2019da bulunabilen tek h\u00fccre t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Evrimsel s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde \u00f6karyotlar, prokaryotlardan <strong>Endosimbiyoz Teorisi<\/strong>&#8216;nin a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde evrimle\u015fmi\u015ftir ve h\u0131zl\u0131ca \u00e7e\u015fitlenip karma\u015f\u0131k yap\u0131l\u0131 canl\u0131lar\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Endosimbiyoz Teorisi&#8217;ne g\u00f6re, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck prokaryotik h\u00fccreler, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck prokaryotlar\u0131 yutarak beslenmektedir. Ancak bu yutma i\u015flemi her zaman ba\u015far\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilemez ve sindirilemeyen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck prokaryotlar, b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u00fccrenin i\u00e7inde ya\u015famaya devam eder. Bu simbiyotik ili\u015fki, zamanla i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7erek \u00f6karyotik h\u00fccrelerin olu\u015fumunu sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u015fekilde zarl\u0131 organellere sahip canl\u0131lara da \u00f6karyotlar denmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size\">Canl\u0131lar\u0131n S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Evrim<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re; hayvanlar, bitkiler, mantarlar ve prokaryotlar alemi bulunmaktad\u0131r. <strong>17. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda James Ussher<\/strong>, t\u00fcrlerin ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve canl\u0131lar\u0131n hi\u00e7bir zaman de\u011fi\u015femeyece\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n 6000 y\u0131l oldu\u011funu ve Adem ile Havva&#8217;n\u0131n M.\u00d6. 4004 y\u0131l\u0131nda var oldu\u011funu iddia etmi\u015ftir. Ancak <strong>17. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz do\u011fa bilimci John Ray<\/strong>, ilk defa \u2018t\u00fcr\u2019 kelimesini kullanarak canl\u0131lara sistemli bir yakla\u015f\u0131m getirmi\u015ftir. <strong>18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Carl von Linneaus (Linne)<\/strong>, canl\u0131lar\u0131 titiz bir \u015fekilde grupland\u0131rmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat Linne de canl\u0131lar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmeyece\u011fini ve hep \u00f6yle olduklar\u0131 gibi kalacaklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmekteydi. <strong>19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Thomas Malthus<\/strong>, canl\u0131 pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n, kaynaklar\u0131n yenilenme h\u0131z\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koydu. Bu durum, her canl\u0131n\u0131n hayatta kalma \u015fans\u0131n\u0131n e\u015fit olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Jean Baptiste Lamarck, canl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6m\u00fcrleri i\u00e7erisinde kazand\u0131klar\u0131 karakterleri gelecek nesillere aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Georges Cuvier ise fosil incelemeleri sonucunda, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte var olmu\u015f ancak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde var olmayan canl\u0131lar\u0131 ke\u015ffetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size\">Evrim Teorisi ve Varyasyonlar<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Son olarak, <strong>Charles Robert Darwin ve Alfred Russell Wallace<\/strong>, modern evrim teorisinin temellerini atm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn herhangi bir bireyinin, kendi \u00f6mr\u00fc i\u00e7erisinde ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fimlerin hi\u00e7biri evrim de\u011fildir. Ayr\u0131ca evrim, bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn kendisine hi\u00e7 benzemeyen bir t\u00fcre bir anda d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi de de\u011fildir. Her nesil, kendi atasal nesillerinden belli bir miktar farkl\u0131 do\u011fmaktad\u0131r ve bu farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n toplam\u0131na <strong>\u00e7e\u015fitlilik (varyasyon)<\/strong> ad\u0131 verilmektedir. Varyasyonlar, evrimsel s\u00fcrecin ham maddesidir ve \u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131na en iyi uyum sa\u011flayan bireyler hayatta kalarak genlerini gelecek nesillere aktar\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4><strong>Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5><strong>Makaleler<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>Redi, F. (1668). <em>Experiments on the Generation of Insects<\/em>.<\/li><li>Magner, L. N. (2002). <em>A History of the Life Sciences, Revised and Expanded<\/em>. CRC Press.<\/li><li>Pasteur, L. (1862). <em>M\u00e9moire sur les corpuscules organis\u00e9s qui existent dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re<\/em>.<\/li><li>Geison, G. L. (1995). <em>The Private Science of Louis Pasteur<\/em>. Princeton University Press.<\/li><li>Miller, S. L. (1953). &#8220;A Production of Amino Acids Under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions&#8221;. <em>Science<\/em>, 117(3046), 528-529.<\/li><li>Hazen, R. M. (2005). <em>Genesis: The Scientific Quest for Life&#8217;s Origins<\/em>. Joseph Henry Press.<\/li><li>Schr\u00f6dinger, E. (1944). <em>What is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell<\/em>. Cambridge University Press.<\/li><li>Atkins, P. (2010). <em>The Laws of Thermodynamics: A Very Short Introduction<\/em>. Oxford University Press.<\/li><li>Oparin, A. I. (1938). <em>The Origin of Life<\/em>. Dover Publications.<\/li><li>Deamer, D. W. (2011). <em>First Life: Discovering the Connections between Stars, Cells, and How Life Began<\/em>. University of California Press.<\/li><li>Margulis, L. (1970). <em>Origin of Eukaryotic Cells<\/em>. Yale University Press.<\/li><li>Sagan, D. (1993). <em>Biospheres: Metamorphosis of Planet Earth<\/em>. McGraw-Hill.<\/li><li>Linnaeus, C. (1758). <em>Systema Naturae<\/em>.<\/li><li>Mayr, E. (1982). <em>The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance<\/em>. Harvard University Press.<\/li><li>Malthus, T. R. (1798). <em>An Essay on the Principle of Population<\/em>. J. Johnson.<\/li><li>Hodge, M. J. S. (2009). <em>The Triumph of the Darwinian Method<\/em>. University of Chicago Press.<\/li><li>Lamarck, J. B. (1809). <em>Philosophie Zoologique<\/em>.<\/li><li>Burkhardt, R. W. (1995). <em>The Spirit of System: Lamarck and Evolutionary Biology<\/em>. Harvard University Press.<\/li><li>Darwin, C. (1859). <em>On the Origin of Species<\/em>. John Murray.<\/li><li>Wallace, A. R. (1858). &#8220;On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type&#8221;. <em>Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London<\/em>.<\/li><li>Cuvier, G. (1812). <em>Recherches sur les Ossemens Fossiles de Quadrup\u00e8des<\/em>.<\/li><li>Rudwick, M. J. S. (1997). <em>Georges Cuvier, Fossil Bones, and Geological Catastrophes: New Translations &amp; Interpretations of the Primary Texts<\/em>. University of Chicago Press.<\/li><li>W\u00e4chtersh\u00e4user, G. (1988). &#8220;Before enzymes and templates: theory of surface metabolism&#8221;. <em>Microbiological Reviews<\/em>, 52(4), 452-484.<\/li><li>Gilbert, W. (1986). &#8220;The RNA World&#8221;. <em>Nature<\/em>, 319, 618.<\/li><li>Cech, T. R. (1986). &#8220;A model for the RNA-catalyzed replication of RNA&#8221;. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/em>, 83(12), 4360-4363.<\/li><li>Joyce, G. F. (2004). &#8220;Directed evolution of nucleic acid enzymes&#8221;. <em>Annual Review of Biochemistry<\/em>, 73, 791-836.<\/li><li>Temin, H. M., &amp; Mizutani, S. (1970). &#8220;RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in virions of Rous sarcoma virus&#8221;. <em>Nature<\/em>, 226(5252), 1211-1213.<\/li><li>Baltimore, D. (1970). &#8220;RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in virions of RNA tumour viruses&#8221;. <em>Nature<\/em>, 226(5252), 1209-1211.<\/li><li>Saladino, R., Crestini, C., Ciciriello, F., Pino, S., &amp; Di Mauro, E. (2007). &#8220;Formamide and the origin of life&#8221;. <em>Physics of Life Reviews<\/em>, 4(4), 323-364.<\/li><li>Ferris, J. P., &amp; Orgel, L. E. (1997). &#8220;Synthesis of RNA under simulated prebiotic conditions&#8221;. <em>Nature<\/em>, 276, 852-855.<\/li><li>Oparin, A. I. (1938). <em>The Origin of Life<\/em>. Dover Publications.<\/li><li>Fox, S. W., &amp; Dose, K. (1977). <em>Molecular Evolution and the Origin of Life<\/em>. W.H. Freeman and Company.<\/li><li>Gibson, D. G., Glass, J. I., Lartigue, C., et al. (2010). &#8220;Creation of a Bacterial Cell Controlled by a Chemically Synthesized Genome&#8221;. <em>Science<\/em>, 329(5987), 52-56.<\/li><li>W\u00f6hler, F. (1828). &#8220;Ueber k\u00fcnstliche Bildung des Harnstoffs&#8221;. <em>Annalen der Physik und Chemie<\/em>, 88(2), 253-256.<\/li><li>Strecker, A. (1850). &#8220;Ueber die k\u00fcnstliche Bildung der Milchs\u00e4ure und einen neuen dem Glycocoll homologen K\u00f6rper&#8221;. <em>Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie<\/em>, 75(1), 27-45.<\/li><li>Miller, S. L. (1953). &#8220;A Production of Amino Acids Under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions&#8221;. <em>Science<\/em>, 117(3046), 528-529.<\/li><li>Cleaves, H. J., Chalmers, J. H., Lazcano, A., Miller, S. L., &amp; Bada, J. L. (2008). &#8220;A reassessment of prebiotic organic synthesis in neutral planetary atmospheres&#8221;. <em>Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres<\/em>, 38, 105-115.<\/li><li>Bonner, W. A. (1991). &#8220;The origin and amplification of biomolecular chirality&#8221;. <em>Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere<\/em>, 21, 59-111.<\/li><li>Bada, J. L., &amp; Miller, S. L. (1987). &#8220;Racemic amino acids in the Murchison meteorite&#8221;. <em>Nature<\/em>, 301(5900), 494-496.<\/li><li>Fox, S. W., &amp; Harada, K. (1958). &#8220;The thermal copolymerization of amino acids common to protein&#8221;. <em>Journal of the American Chemical Society<\/em>, 80(1), 1154-1157.<\/li><li>Deamer, D. W. (2011). <em>First Life: Discovering the Connections between Stars, Cells, and How Life Began<\/em>. University of California Press.<\/li><li>Degens, E. T. (1989). &#8220;Evolution of early metabolic pathways&#8221;. <em>Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology<\/em>, 53(2), 165-173.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5><strong>Kitaplar<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>Bak\u0131rc\u0131, \u00c7. M. (2018). <em>Evrim Kuram\u0131 ve Mekanizmalar\u0131<\/em>. Ginko Bilim<\/li><li>Mayr, E. (2018). <em>Evrim Nedir?<\/em>. Say Yay\u0131nlar\u0131<\/li><li>Darwin, C. (1859). <em>T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>. John Murray<\/li><li>Bak\u0131rc\u0131, \u00c7. M. (2016). <em>50 Soruda Evrim<\/em>. Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li><li>Kaya, T. (2022). <em>Evrimin K\u0131sa Tarihi: \u0130nsan\u0131n Kendi Evrimini \u00c7\u00f6zmesinin Hikayesi<\/em>. Alfa Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/li><li>Schr\u00f6dinger, E. (1944). <em>Ya\u015fam Nedir?<\/em>. Robert D. Scully (\u00c7ev.). Cambridge University Press<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00d6ncelikle Evrim ve Evrim Teorisi konusundaki yaz\u0131 serimin ilki ile kar\u015f\u0131n\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktan mutluluk ve onur duyuyorum. Uzun zamand\u0131r haz\u0131rl\u0131k a\u015famas\u0131nda<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1772,"featured_media":15016,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1,2173,25],"tags":[73,74,132,64,115,76],"acf":[],"views":487,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15002"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1772"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15002"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15002\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15113,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15002\/revisions\/15113"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15016"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15002"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15002"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15002"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}