{"id":2941,"date":"2019-08-19T03:16:09","date_gmt":"2019-08-19T00:16:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=2941"},"modified":"2019-08-19T03:16:11","modified_gmt":"2019-08-19T00:16:11","slug":"xenotransplantasyon-yeni-bir-umut-olma-yolunda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/xenotransplantasyon-yeni-bir-umut-olma-yolunda\/","title":{"rendered":"XENOTRANSPLANTASYON: Yeni Bir Umut Olma Yolunda"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Transplantasyon \u00f6zellikle son evre organ yetmezli\u011fi olan hastalarda ve kanserin se\u00e7ili t\u00fcrlerinde en iyi tedavi y\u00f6ntemi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Mevcut teknolojilerle bir hayli kolayla\u015fmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bir ba\u015fka sorun kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor: \u201cDon\u00f6r yetersizli\u011fi\u201d.  Sadece Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nde \u015fu an organ bekleyen 124 673 hasta var. Ancak bir y\u0131lda yap\u0131lan nakil say\u0131s\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 000. Arz-talep aras\u0131ndaki bu uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131 farkl\u0131 organ kaynaklar\u0131 bulmaya itti ve hayvandan insana organ nakli yani xenotransplantasyon \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"633\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/pig-organ-hero-1024x633.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2955\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/pig-organ-hero-1024x633.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/pig-organ-hero-400x247.jpg 400w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/pig-organ-hero-768x475.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/pig-organ-hero-110x68.jpg 110w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/pig-organ-hero-420x260.jpg 420w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/pig-organ-hero-695x430.jpg 695w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/pig-organ-hero.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u0131p biliminde hastalar\u0131 tedavi etme s\u00fcrecinde hayvan kaynakl\u0131 h\u00fccre ve dokular\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7ok da yeni de\u011fil. 17. Yy. da Jean Baptiste Denis, koyun kan\u0131n\u0131 insana enjekte ederek ilk kan xenotransf\u00fczyonunu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. Bunu, 19. Yy. \u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda domuzdan insana kornea nakli takip etti. 1964\u2019te bir hastaya \u015fempanze kalbi nakledildi. Hasta ameliyattan yaln\u0131zca birka\u00e7 saat sonra \u00f6ld\u00fc. 1984\u2019te babuna ait bir kalp, bir bebe\u011fe nakledildi. Ancak birka\u00e7 hafta i\u00e7erisinde rejeksiyon dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bebek hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. 1993\u2019te Starlz ve ekibi hepatitli bir hastaya bir babundan al\u0131nan karaci\u011feri nakletmi\u015f ve hastada 70 g\u00fcn boyunca kayda de\u011fer bir red reaksiyonu g\u00f6zlemlememi\u015flerdir. 1994\u2019te Groth ve ekibi ise domuz pankreas h\u00fccrelerini enjekte ettikleri 10 diyabet hastas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6m\u00fcrlerinin uzad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmi\u015ftir. \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Xenotransplantation-1-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2952\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Xenotransplantation-1-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Xenotransplantation-1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Xenotransplantation-1-250x250.png 250w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Xenotransplantation-1-125x125.png 125w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Xenotransplantation-1-110x110.png 110w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Xenotransplantation-1-420x420.png 420w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Xenotransplantation-1-768x768.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Tarihinden de anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi xenotransplantasyon \u00fczerine pek \u00e7ok deneme yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ne yaz\u0131k ki uzun vadede ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir sonu\u00e7 al\u0131namam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015e\u00fcphesiz ki bunun nedeni xenotransplantasyonu engelleyen mekanizmalar\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle imm\u00fcnojenik bariyerlerin tam olarak bulunamamas\u0131 ve a\u015f\u0131lamamas\u0131d\u0131r. Peki bilinen bu engeller neler?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>Hiperakut reddi: \u0130nsan kan\u0131nda \u00f6nceden var olan\nantikorlar, yeni transplante edilen organ\u0131n vask\u00fcler epiteline ba\u011flanarak\np\u0131ht\u0131la\u015fma yarat\u0131r. Bunu \u00f6nlemek ad\u0131na nakilden \u00f6nce hastan\u0131n antikorlar\u0131\nt\u00fcketilmi\u015f ve organ daha sonra nakledilmi\u015fse de antikorlar nakil sonras\u0131\nyeniden \u00fcretilmi\u015f ve yine rejeksiyon olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. <\/li><li>Akut Vask\u00fcler Red: Gecikmi\u015f organ reddi de\ndenir. Saatler i\u00e7inde olmasa da g\u00fcnler s\u00fcren bir rejeksiyondur. Damar i\u00e7i\np\u0131ht\u0131la\u015fma ile sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r. <\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Bunlar\u0131n haricinde en \u00f6nemli risklerden biri de enfeksiyondur. Nakil i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan imm\u00fcn bask\u0131lama y\u00f6ntemleri hastada enfeksiyon riskini art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Konu hayvandan al\u0131nan bir organ olunca bu enfeksiyon riski bamba\u015fka boyutlara ta\u015f\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bilim insanlar\u0131 ise bu engelleri a\u015fmak i\u00e7in k\u0131sa ve orta\nvadeli de olsa birtak\u0131m stratejiler \u00fcretmi\u015flerdir. Esasen bu stratejiler don\u00f6r\ntemelli ve al\u0131c\u0131 temelli olmak \u00fczere 2 grupta incelenir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>Don\u00f6r Temelli Stratejiler: Transgenik Organlar:\nCanl\u0131lar\u0131n geneti\u011finin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi \u00f6zellikle tar\u0131mda verimi ve kaliteyi\nart\u0131rmak i\u00e7in s\u0131k\u00e7a kullan\u0131lan, g\u00f6rmeye al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir tekniktir. Bu y\u00f6ntem\nart\u0131k don\u00f6r canl\u0131 \u00fczerinde, al\u0131c\u0131 imm\u00fcn sistemini uyaran etkenleri ortadan\nkald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Bir grup ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131, imm\u00fcnolojik ifadelerden\nsorumlu enzimleri kodlayan 1,3 galaktosiltransferaz geninden yoksun \u2018Knockout\nPigs\u2019 geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Al\u0131c\u0131 Temelli Stratejiler: Akut vask\u00fcler reddin,\nkompleman sistemi aktivasyonu sonucu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Al\u0131c\u0131da\nkompleman sisteminin inhibisyonu sonucu reddin \u00f6nlenmesi konusunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\ndevam ediyor.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Ayr\u0131ca \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan say\u0131s\u0131z farkl\u0131 imm\u00fcn-bask\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131\nstratejilerden biri de maymunlarda transgenik domuz b\u00f6breklerinin\ntransplantasyonundan sonra dala\u011f\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u015flemidir. Bu y\u00f6ntemle canl\u0131l\u0131k s\u00fcresi\n11 haftaya dek \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Heyecan verici bir strateji de nakil \u00f6ncesinde al\u0131c\u0131 canl\u0131ya don\u00f6r olan domuzun kemik ili\u011finin nakledilmesi vas\u0131tas\u0131yla, nakledilen organa kar\u015f\u0131 imm\u00fcn cevab\u0131 \u00f6nlemeye y\u00f6nelik bir nevi kand\u0131rmacad\u0131r. Don\u00f6r kemik ili\u011fi, al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n v\u00fccudundaki olgun imm\u00fcn h\u00fccrelere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilecek progenit\u00f6r imm\u00fcn h\u00fccreleri i\u00e7erir. Al\u0131c\u0131daki bu don\u00f6r imm\u00fcn h\u00fccreleri, nakledilen organa sald\u0131ramaz \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc onu kendi h\u00fccresi olarak tan\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"713\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Xenotransplantation3-1024x713.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2944\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Xenotransplantation3-1024x713.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Xenotransplantation3-400x279.jpg 400w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Xenotransplantation3-768x535.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Xenotransplantation3-110x77.jpg 110w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Xenotransplantation3-420x293.jpg 420w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Xenotransplantation3-617x430.jpg 617w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Xenotransplantation3.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar insan \u00fczerinde olmasa da hayvanlar \u00fczerinde\nba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015flerdir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir grup ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 kimyasal imm\u00fcn bask\u0131lama ve don\u00f6r domuz\nxenoantijenlerinin azalmas\u0131 vas\u0131tas\u0131yla domuzlardan rhesus maymunlar\u0131na\ntransplante edilen b\u00f6bre\u011fin 435 g\u00fcn boyunca fonksiyonel olabildi\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yine ba\u015fka bir grup ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 ise domuzlardan babunlara naklettikleri kalplerin tam olarak 945 g\u00fcn canl\u0131 kalabildi\u011fini g\u00f6stererek hayvan modellerinde xenotransplantasyonun uzun vadeli ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015f oldular. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/xenotransplantation-784x441-1-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2953\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/xenotransplantation-784x441-1-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/xenotransplantation-784x441-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/xenotransplantation-784x441-1-250x250.jpg 250w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/xenotransplantation-784x441-1-125x125.jpg 125w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/xenotransplantation-784x441-1-110x110.jpg 110w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/xenotransplantation-784x441-1-420x420.jpg 420w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>HANG\u0130 HAYVANLAR DON\u00d6R OLARAK TERC\u0130H ED\u0130LMEL\u0130?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcm hayvanlar xenotransplantasyon i\u00e7in uygun de\u011fillerdir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n t\u0131bbi ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilen hayvanlar\u0131n insan anatomi ve fizyolojisine yak\u0131n olmas\u0131 elzemdir. Ayr\u0131ca laboratuvar ko\u015fullar\u0131nda kolay \u00fcretilebilmeleri ve etik a\u00e7\u0131dan kullan\u0131lmalar\u0131nda bir sak\u0131ncan\u0131n olmamas\u0131 gerekir. Genetik ve evrimsel anlamda insana en yak\u0131n t\u00fcr maymunlar olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, primatlar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcksek enfeksiyon riski nedeniyle buna uygun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na karar vermi\u015fler ve 1990 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren primatlar\u0131n xenotransplantasyonda kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yasaklam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca primatlar y\u00fcksek oranda zeki canl\u0131lar olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in laboratuvar ortam\u0131nda sosyal ve davran\u0131\u015fsal gereksinimlerine yan\u0131t vermenin zorlu\u011fundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc de kullan\u0131lmamaktad\u0131rlar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Domuzlar ise bir kerede yavrulama say\u0131s\u0131, organ boyutlar\u0131n\u0131n insanlar\u0131nki ile \u00e7ok benzer olmas\u0131, zoonoz ihtimalinin daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 sebebiyle xenotransplantasyon i\u00e7in en \u00e7ok tercih edilen hayvanlar olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca insanlarda kalp kapak\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fiminde domuzlara ait kalp kapak\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7oktand\u0131r uygulan\u0131yor. Ancak baz\u0131 dinsel kurallardan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc domuzlar\u0131n bu y\u00f6ntemde kullan\u0131m\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/180830-pig-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2948\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/180830-pig-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/180830-pig-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/180830-pig-250x250.jpg 250w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/180830-pig-125x125.jpg 125w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/180830-pig-110x110.jpg 110w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/180830-pig-420x420.jpg 420w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u0130MER\u0130K XENOTRANSPLANTASYON NED\u0130R?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cKimera\u201d modern biyoteknolojide, \u201cbir t\u00fcre ait k\u00f6k h\u00fccrelerin, ba\u015fka bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn bir \u00fcyesinin geli\u015fmekte olan embriyo ya da fet\u00fcs\u00fcne a\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131yla yarat\u0131lan canl\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Tekni\u011fin amac\u0131 imm\u00fcn bask\u0131lamaya gerek duymadan al\u0131c\u0131 canl\u0131ya tamamen uyumlu greftler \u00fcretebilmektir. Bu y\u00f6ntemde don\u00f6r olan hayvan; istenilen organ\u0131n geli\u015fece\u011fi, b\u00fcy\u00fcyece\u011fi bir ortam gibi kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Embriyolojik d\u00f6nemde don\u00f6r hayvan ilgilenilen doku veya organdan yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131yor. Bo\u015f kalan yere, xenogenik h\u00fccre de denen al\u0131c\u0131 hayvan\u0131n pluripotent k\u00f6k h\u00fccreleri enjekte ediliyor ve orada otolog bir organ olu\u015fumu sa\u011flan\u0131yor. \u0130lk ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 kimeralar Tokyo \u00dcniversitesinden Kobayashi ve ekibi taraf\u0131ndan fare blastositlerine s\u0131\u00e7anlardan elde edilen k\u00f6k h\u00fccrelerin enjekte edilmesiyle olu\u015fturuldu. Farelerin v\u00fccutlar\u0131nda s\u0131\u00e7an kaynakl\u0131 pankreatik parankim ba\u015far\u0131yla \u00fcretildi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Chimera-Graphic-Science-min-600x596-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2946\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Chimera-Graphic-Science-min-600x596-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Chimera-Graphic-Science-min-600x596-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Chimera-Graphic-Science-min-600x596-250x250.png 250w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Chimera-Graphic-Science-min-600x596-125x125.png 125w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Chimera-Graphic-Science-min-600x596-110x110.png 110w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Chimera-Graphic-Science-min-600x596-420x420.png 420w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Chimera-Graphic-Science-min-600x596-768x768.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Fetal tamamlanma ise uterus i\u00e7inde art\u0131k fet\u00fcs denebilecek b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011fe eri\u015fmi\u015f hayvana, insan k\u00f6k h\u00fccresi enjeksiyonu ile organ veya doku olu\u015fturma y\u00f6ntemidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Fisher ve ekibi gestasyonel 40. G\u00fcnde domuz fet\u00fcs\u00fcne ait karaci\u011fere insan hepatositlerini enjekte etti. Enjekte edilen bu hepatositler domuz do\u011fduktan sonra da ya\u015fad\u0131 ve olu\u015fan kimerik hayvan, xenogenik enjeksiyona kar\u015f\u0131 daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyede bir imm\u00fcn yan\u0131t g\u00f6sterdi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>PIG ENDOGENOUS RETRO VIRUS (PERV) NED\u0130R?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Endojen retrovir\u00fcsler insan ve hayvanlar\u0131n kromozomlar\u0131na entegre\nolarak kromozomun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelen retrovir\u00fcs \u00e7e\u015fitleridir. Bu dizilerin\ninsan genomunun %8 ini olu\u015fturdu\u011fu tahmin edilmektedir. PERV dedi\u011fimiz domuz\nendojen retrovir\u00fcs de domuz genomunda ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in xenotransplantasyon uygulamalar\u0131nda\nb\u00fcy\u00fck bir risk fakt\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u0130nsanlar i\u00e7in PERV infeksiyonunun riski ilk\nolarak 1977 de domuz PK15 h\u00fccrelerinde tan\u0131mland\u0131. \u015eu ana kadar domuz h\u00fccre veya dokusuna\nmaruz kalan hi\u00e7bir hastada PERV\u2019e rastlanmasa da sahip oldu\u011fu potansiyel\ntehlike FDA\u2019n\u0131n xenotransplantasyon ile ilgili k\u0131lavuzunun revizyonuna neden\noldu. Yeni d\u00fczenlemeye g\u00f6re domuz h\u00fccre veya dokusu implantasyonu yap\u0131lan\nhastalara, potansiyel PERV infeksiyonu g\u00f6zlenmesi i\u00e7in tahlil ve prosed\u00fcr\nuygulanmas\u0131 gerek. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu riski azaltma ama\u00e7l\u0131 domuzlar\u0131n genomlar\u0131ndaki PERV b\u00f6lgeleri dejenere edildi. Bu durum riski azaltabilir ancak tamam\u0131yla yok edemez \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc farkl\u0131 PERV b\u00f6lgeleri aras\u0131 veya PERV ile insan endojen Retro vir\u00fcsleri aras\u0131nda olu\u015facak olas\u0131 rekombinasyonlar ortaya yeni vir\u00fcs tipleri \u00e7\u0131karabilir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/potential_porcine_endogenous_retrovirus_activation_oversize20160713-7564-14cd0dd-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2949\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/potential_porcine_endogenous_retrovirus_activation_oversize20160713-7564-14cd0dd-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/potential_porcine_endogenous_retrovirus_activation_oversize20160713-7564-14cd0dd-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/potential_porcine_endogenous_retrovirus_activation_oversize20160713-7564-14cd0dd-250x250.jpg 250w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/potential_porcine_endogenous_retrovirus_activation_oversize20160713-7564-14cd0dd-125x125.jpg 125w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/potential_porcine_endogenous_retrovirus_activation_oversize20160713-7564-14cd0dd-110x110.jpg 110w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/potential_porcine_endogenous_retrovirus_activation_oversize20160713-7564-14cd0dd-420x420.jpg 420w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/potential_porcine_endogenous_retrovirus_activation_oversize20160713-7564-14cd0dd-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Hayvan h\u00fccre ve dokular\u0131 sadece xenotransplantasyon i\u00e7in de\u011fil ba\u015fka alanlarda da tedavi ama\u00e7l\u0131 kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin diyalize benzer bir y\u00f6ntem ile modifiye edilmi\u015f domuz hepatositleri i\u00e7eren bir makine, toksik maddelerin eliminasyonunu sa\u011flayarak organ bulunana dek hastan\u0131n \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc ge\u00e7ici olarak uzatmay\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131yor. Ayr\u0131ca Amerika ve Avrupa\u2019da domuz hepatositlerinin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 diyaliz makineleri umut verici sonu\u00e7lar ortaya koyuyor. \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/3-s2.0-B9780123694102500656-f63-03-9780123694102-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2950\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/3-s2.0-B9780123694102500656-f63-03-9780123694102-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/3-s2.0-B9780123694102500656-f63-03-9780123694102-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/3-s2.0-B9780123694102500656-f63-03-9780123694102-250x250.jpg 250w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/3-s2.0-B9780123694102500656-f63-03-9780123694102-125x125.jpg 125w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/3-s2.0-B9780123694102500656-f63-03-9780123694102-110x110.jpg 110w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/3-s2.0-B9780123694102500656-f63-03-9780123694102-420x420.jpg 420w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/3-s2.0-B9780123694102500656-f63-03-9780123694102-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>ULUSLARARASI XENOTRANSPLANTASYON B\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130 (IXA)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>IXA, Xenotransplantation&#8217;a \u00f6zel ilgi duyanlar i\u00e7in bir forum sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla Montreal &#8217;98 Transplantasyon Derne\u011fi Kongresi&#8217;nde kuruldu. Birlik, g\u00f6revini \u201cxenotransplantasyonu g\u00fcvenli, etik ve etkili bir tedavi y\u00f6ntemi olarak te\u015fvik etmek\u201d \u015feklinde a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor. D\u00fczenledi\u011fi kongrelerle d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131 bir araya getiren ve son geli\u015fmeleri payla\u015fma ve tart\u0131\u015fma f\u0131rsat\u0131 sunan birlik, \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki kongresini bu y\u0131l 10-13 Ekim\u2019de M\u00fcnih\u2019te yapacak. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"519\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/IXA-long-1024x519.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2951\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/IXA-long-1024x519.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/IXA-long-400x203.jpg 400w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/IXA-long-768x389.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/IXA-long-110x56.jpg 110w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/IXA-long-420x213.jpg 420w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/IXA-long-770x390.jpg 770w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/IXA-long.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00dclkemizde ise \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc \u00dcniversitesi Karaci\u011fer Nakli Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Prof. Dr. Sezai Y\u0131lmaz Xenotransplantasyon \u00fczerine ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyor. Prof. Dr. Y\u0131lmaz, yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla 5 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde yeni organ kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n genetik de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011frat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f domuzlar olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/cok_calisirsak_xenotransplantasyon_nobel_odulunu_malatyaya_getirecek_h23157_0ef5d-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2956\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/cok_calisirsak_xenotransplantasyon_nobel_odulunu_malatyaya_getirecek_h23157_0ef5d-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/cok_calisirsak_xenotransplantasyon_nobel_odulunu_malatyaya_getirecek_h23157_0ef5d-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/cok_calisirsak_xenotransplantasyon_nobel_odulunu_malatyaya_getirecek_h23157_0ef5d-250x250.jpg 250w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/cok_calisirsak_xenotransplantasyon_nobel_odulunu_malatyaya_getirecek_h23157_0ef5d-125x125.jpg 125w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/cok_calisirsak_xenotransplantasyon_nobel_odulunu_malatyaya_getirecek_h23157_0ef5d-110x110.jpg 110w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/cok_calisirsak_xenotransplantasyon_nobel_odulunu_malatyaya_getirecek_h23157_0ef5d-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Sonuca gelecek olursak xenotransplantasyon; s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z organ kayna\u011f\u0131, tekrarlanan se\u00e7meli nakil ve planl\u0131 operasyon avantajlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra fizyolojik uyumsuzluk ve enfeksiyon riski gibi potansiyel tehlikeleri ile ke\u015ffedilmeyi bekleyen yepyeni bir alan olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda duruyor. \u015eu anda hen\u00fcz deney a\u015famas\u0131nda olsa da klini\u011fe ge\u00e7mesi durumunda \u201cOrgan Bekleyenler Listesi\u201d belki de tarih olacak\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>KAYNAK\u00c7A:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/xen.12402\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/xen.12402<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31310462\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31310462<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31348017\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31348017<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31369482\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31369482<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/dergipark.org.tr\/download\/article-file\/529826\">https:\/\/dergipark.org.tr\/download\/article-file\/529826<\/a><\/li><li>&#8220;Xenotransplantasyon&#8217;un d\u00fcn\u00fc,bug\u00fcn\u00fc ve yar\u0131n\u0131&#8221;, Kad\u00fcse, S:5 (2019), s.55-57<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tts.org\/ixa\/home\">https:\/\/www.tts.org\/ixa\/home<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/sitn.hms.harvard.edu\/flash\/2015\/xenotransplantation-can-pigs-save-human-live\">http:\/\/sitn.hms.harvard.edu\/flash\/2015\/xenotransplantation-can-pigs-save-human-lives\/<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.hurriyet.com.tr\/yazarlar\/vahap-munyar\/domuzdan-insana-karaciger-nakli-ile-umut-baskenti-olalim-41167276\">http:\/\/www.hurriyet.com.tr\/yazarlar\/vahap-munyar\/domuzdan-insana-karaciger-nakli-ile-umut-baskenti-olalim-41167276<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.yenimalatya.com.tr\/gundem\/cok-calisirsak-xenotransplantasyon-nobel-odulunu-malatyaya-h23157.htmlhttps:\/\/www.latestly.com\/lifestyle\/health-wellness\/pig-to-baboon-heart-transplant-offers-hope-for-xenotransplantation-in-humans-everything-about-cross-species-organ-transplant-54\">http:\/\/www.yenimalatya.com.tr\/gundem\/cok-calisirsak-xenotransplantasyon-nobel-odulunu-malatyaya-h23157.htmlhttps:\/\/www.latestly.com\/lifestyle\/health-wellness\/pig-to-baboon-heart-transplant-offers-hope-for-xenotransplantation-in-humans-everything-about-cross-species-organ-transplant-54<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.laboratoryequipment.com\/news\/2018\/08\/clearing-xenotransplantation-hurdle-detecting-infectious-disease-pigs\">https:\/\/www.laboratoryequipment.com\/news\/2018\/08\/clearing-xenotransplantation-hurdle-detecting-infectious-disease-pigs<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/\/frontiersmag.wustl.edu\/2017\/12\/09\/xenotransplantation-and-gene-editing-in-pigs\/\">https:\/\/frontiersmag.wustl.edu\/2017\/12\/09\/xenotransplantation-and-gene-editing-in-pigs\/<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencelearn.org.nz\/images\/1376-potential-porcine-endogenous-retrovirus-activation\">https:\/\/www.sciencelearn.org.nz\/images\/1376-potential-porcine-endogenous-retrovirus-activation<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/medicine-and-dentistry\/bioartificial-liver-device\">https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/medicine-and-dentistry\/bioartificial-liver-device<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/tts.guide\/webapp\/programme\/2\">https:\/\/tts.guide\/webapp\/programme\/2<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/\/www.omixon.com\/brief-history-xenotransplantation\/\">https:\/\/www.omixon.com\/brief-history-xenotransplantation\/<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.elpergaminense.com\/articulo_nuevos_caminos_para_los_clones_la_transgenesis_y_los_xenotransplantes.html\">http:\/\/www.elpergaminense.com\/articulo_nuevos_caminos_para_los_clones_la_transgenesis_y_los_xenotransplantes.html<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p> Not: Benim i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir kaynak olan Kad\u00fcse dergisini hediye eden k\u0131ymetli \u0130N\u00dcBAT ailesine te\u015fekk\u00fcrlerimi sunuyorum.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Transplantasyon \u00f6zellikle son evre organ yetmezli\u011fi olan hastalarda ve kanserin se\u00e7ili t\u00fcrlerinde en iyi tedavi y\u00f6ntemi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Mevcut teknolojilerle<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":57,"featured_media":2958,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[439,448,447,444,440,446,443,393,442,445,441,438],"acf":[],"views":2555,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2941"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/57"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2941"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2941\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2957,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2941\/revisions\/2957"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2958"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2941"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2941"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2941"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}