{"id":3208,"date":"2019-09-09T22:53:35","date_gmt":"2019-09-09T19:53:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=3208"},"modified":"2019-11-10T23:15:45","modified_gmt":"2019-11-10T20:15:45","slug":"yeni-bir-tip-immunite-enfeksiyonlarla-savasmada-noronlarin-etkisi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/yeni-bir-tip-immunite-enfeksiyonlarla-savasmada-noronlarin-etkisi\/","title":{"rendered":"Yeni Bir Tip \u0130mm\u00fcnite: Enfeksiyonlarla Sava\u015fmada N\u00f6ronlar\u0131n Etkisi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Kendinizi \u00e7imdikleyin. E\u011fer a\u011fr\u0131 hissediyorsan\u0131z bu,\nderinizdeki \u00f6zelle\u015fmi\u015f sinir sonlanmalar\u0131 sayesinde oluyor. \u015ea\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir\nke\u015fifte, Pittsburgh \u00dcniversitesi T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesi&#8217;ndeki ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, a\u011fr\u0131\nalg\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 sinirlerin cilt enfeksiyonlar\u0131yla sava\u015fmaya ve enfeksiyonlar\u0131n\nyay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu\u011funu, adeta bir ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemi gibi\ndavrand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi. Farelerde yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara dayanarak elde edilen\nbulgular, 26 Temmuz\u2019da <em>Cell<\/em>\ndergisinde yay\u0131nland\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pitt\u2019s School of Medicine\u2019da dermatoloji ve imm\u00fcnoloji profes\u00f6r\u00fc ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n k\u0131demli yazar\u0131 olan Daniel Kaplan, M.D., Ph.D. \u015f\u00f6yle diyor; \u201cA\u011fr\u0131 alg\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 sinirler patojenleri alg\u0131layabilir ve ilk defa, bu sinirlerin bir imm\u00fcn yan\u0131t\u0131 ve enfeksiyona biti\u015fik b\u00f6lgelerdeki koruyucu imm\u00fcniteyi aktive ettiklerini g\u00f6sterdik.\u201d \u201cBu, ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k ve sinir sistemlerinin konak savunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in sinerjistik olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Bulgular\u0131m\u0131z ayr\u0131ca sedef hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi otoimm\u00fcn cilt hastal\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in daha spesifik tedavilerin geli\u015ftirilmesinde \u00f6nemli etkilere sahip olabilir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Peki b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131 yapan sinir sisteminde a\u011fr\u0131 nas\u0131l iletiliyor? A\u011fr\u0131n\u0131n fizyolojisi nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4>A\u011fr\u0131n\u0131n Fizyolojisi<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>A\u011fr\u0131, dokular zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar ve bireyin a\u011fr\u0131 uyar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 gidermek i\u00e7in harekete ge\u00e7mesine neden olur. \u0130schium (kal\u00e7a kemi\u011finin bir k\u0131sm\u0131) \u00fczerinde uzun s\u00fcre oturmak gibi basit aktiviteler bile v\u00fccudun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 cilde kan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bozulmas\u0131 sebebiyle doku tahribat\u0131na neden olabilir. \u0130skemi sonucu a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131 hale gelen cilt, ki\u015finin bilin\u00e7siz olarak a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yerini de\u011fi\u015ftirmesine yol a\u00e7ar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A\u011fr\u0131lar iki ana tipte s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: h\u0131zl\u0131 &#8211; keskin a\u011fr\u0131 ve yava\u015f &#8211; kronik a\u011fr\u0131. A\u011fr\u0131l\u0131 uyaran uyguland\u0131ktan yakla\u015f\u0131k 0,1 saniye sonra h\u0131zl\u0131 a\u011fr\u0131 hissedilir, oysa yava\u015f a\u011fr\u0131 sadece 1 saniye veya daha sonras\u0131nda ba\u015flar ve \u00f6n\u00fcndeki birka\u00e7 saniye, hatta bazen birka\u00e7 dakika boyunca kademeli olarak artar. H\u0131zl\u0131 a\u011fr\u0131; cilde i\u011fne bat\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, cilt b\u0131\u00e7ak ile kesildi\u011finde, yak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda veya elektrik \u015fokuna maruz b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hissedilir. Yava\u015f a\u011fr\u0131 ise genel olarak doku hasar\u0131 ile ili\u015fkilendirilir. Uzam\u0131\u015f, dayan\u0131lmaz a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. H\u0131zl\u0131 a\u011fr\u0131dan fark\u0131, deride olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra hemen hemen t\u00fcm derin doku ve organlarda da olu\u015fabilmesidir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> Derideki ve di\u011fer organlardaki t\u00fcm a\u011fr\u0131 resept\u00f6rleri serbest sinir u\u00e7lar\u0131ndan olu\u015fur. A\u011fr\u0131; mekanik, termal ve kimyasal uyar\u0131larla olu\u015fturulabilir. Olu\u015fan a\u011fr\u0131 merkezi sinir sistemine iki farkl\u0131 yolla iletilir \u2013 h\u0131zl\u0131 a\u011fr\u0131 yolu ve yava\u015f a\u011fr\u0131 yolu ile. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> H\u0131zl\u0131 a\u011fr\u0131 sinyalleri spinal korda periferal sinirlerdeki A\u03b4 lifleri ile 6-30 m\/s h\u0131zla iletilmektedir. Yava\u015f a\u011fr\u0131 sinyalleri ise C lifleriyle 0,5-2 m\/s h\u0131zla iletilmektedir. Sinir iletiminde iki yolun olmas\u0131 sebebiyle a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131 uyaranlar genellikle \u201c\u00e7ift\u201d a\u011fr\u0131 hissi verir: \u00d6nce A\u03b4 lifleri ile h\u0131zl\u0131 a\u011fr\u0131 iletilir, arkas\u0131ndan da C lifleriyle yava\u015f a\u011fr\u0131 gelir. H\u0131zl\u0131 yol sayesinde a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131 uyarandan en k\u0131sa zamanda uzakla\u015fabiliriz ve daha fazla hasar almam\u0131z \u00f6nlenir. Yava\u015f yol sayesinde de maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z travman\u0131n boyutu hakk\u0131nda bir fikir edinebiliriz. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/123-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3210\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/123-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/123-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/123-250x250.png 250w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/123-125x125.png 125w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/123-110x110.png 110w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/123-768x768.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>H\u0131zl\u0131 ve yava\u015f a\u011fr\u0131 sinyallerinin omurilikten ge\u00e7erek beyne iletilme yolaklar\u0131<br> Kaynak: Guyton and Hall Texbook of Medical Physiology 13th ed. page 623<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/234-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3211\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/234-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/234-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/234-250x250.png 250w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/234-125x125.png 125w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/234-110x110.png 110w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/234-420x420.png 420w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/234-768x768.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>A\u011fr\u0131 sinyallerinin beyin sap\u0131, talamus ve serebral kortekse h\u0131zl\u0131 ve yava\u015f a\u011fr\u0131 yolaklar\u0131 ile iletilmesi<br> Kaynak: Guyton and Hall Texbook of Medical Physiology 13th ed. page 623<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Sinir sistemimizin ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemimizle baz\u0131\nbenzerlikleri vard\u0131r. Bunlar;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Tehlikeye y\u00f6nelik \u00e7e\u015fitli temel ve koordine cevaplar\u0131 vermeleri<\/li><li>V\u00fccudun uzak k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u011flamalar\u0131 ve buralara bilgi ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131<\/li><li>N\u00f6rotransmiterler ve n\u00f6ropeptitler gibi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck molek\u00fcllerden b\u00fcy\u00fcme fakt\u00f6rleri gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck proteinlere kadar bir dizi kimyasal sinyal molek\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc kullanmalar\u0131<\/li><li>Bilgi aktar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran \u00f6zelle\u015fmi\u015f membranlar olu\u015fturmalar\u0131 (sinaps\/resept\u00f6r)<\/li><li>E\u015fik de\u011fere sahip olmalar\u0131 ve basamakl\u0131 yan\u0131tlar g\u00f6stermeleri<\/li><li> Haf\u0131zaya sahip olmalar\u0131 (Yan\u0131t kinetikleri farkl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck derecelerindedir.)  <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar; sinir sistemi ile ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemimizin, benzerliklerine k\u0131yasla adeta koordine bir \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabildi\u011fini, yeni bir ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k tipi olu\u015fturduklar\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffettiler. Gelin, bu ke\u015ffi daha yak\u0131ndan inceleyelim; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine kadar, ac\u0131n\u0131n v\u00fccudunuzun size belirli bir uyar\u0131c\u0131dan uzak durman\u0131z\u0131 ya da yaralanma gibi fonksiyon bozukluklar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015faret etmesi i\u00e7in geli\u015fen bir yol oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Ancak yak\u0131n zamanda ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, baz\u0131 patojenlere kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131kta \u00f6nemli bir rol oynayabilece\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmada Kaplan ve Kaplan Lab\u2019da Ph.D. \u00f6\u011frencisi olan Jonathan Cohen, M.D.; Pitt n\u00f6robiyoloji profes\u00f6rleri ve a\u011fr\u0131 uzmanlar\u0131 olan Kathy Albers, Ph.D. ve Brian Davis, Ph.D. ile derideki a\u011fr\u0131 alg\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 n\u00f6ronlar\u0131n yak\u0131lan bir mavi \u0131\u015f\u0131kla aktive olabilece\u011fi bir optogenetik fare modeli geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapt\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> \u0130lk \u00f6nce; bu n\u00f6ronlar\u0131n, aktivasyonlar\u0131 sonucu alana farkl\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitlerde imm\u00fcn h\u00fccrelerin toplanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan CGRP denilen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir proteini salg\u0131lad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdiler. Bu, cilt patojenlerini kendi ba\u015flar\u0131na tespit eden n\u00f6ronlar\u0131n bunu n\u00f6bet\u00e7i ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k h\u00fccrelerinden \u00f6nce yap\u0131p bir ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k tepkisi ba\u015flatt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"996\" height=\"996\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/fx1_lrg.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3212\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/fx1_lrg.jpg 996w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/fx1_lrg-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/fx1_lrg-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/fx1_lrg-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/fx1_lrg-250x250.jpg 250w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/fx1_lrg-125x125.jpg 125w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/fx1_lrg-110x110.jpg 110w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/fx1_lrg-420x420.jpg 420w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/fx1_lrg-430x430.jpg 430w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 996px) 100vw, 996px\" \/><figcaption>Optogenetik aktivasyonla uyar\u0131lan deride Tip-17 imm\u00fcn konak savunmas\u0131 baz\u0131nda CGRP sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 olur ve Trpv1+ n\u00f6ronunun aksonlar\u0131nda  d\u00fcz ve z\u0131t seyirli aksiyon potansiyeli iletimi sonucunda kom\u015fu alanda da Tip-17 imm\u00fcn konak savunmas\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<br>Kaynak:  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2019.06.022 <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Sonras\u0131nda ayn\u0131 modelde fareleri kandidiyazis (pamuk\u00e7uk) yapan mantar olan <em>Candida albicans <\/em>ve belli ko\u015fullarda \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl olabilen bir bakteri olan <em>Staphylococcus aureus <\/em>ile infekte ettiler. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, optogenetik ve kimyasal sinir bloke edicileri kullanarak yapt\u0131klar\u0131 bir dizi deney sonucunda mantar\u0131n cildi tek bir yerde infekte etti\u011finde sinirlerin enfeksiyonla sava\u015fmak i\u00e7in sadece ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda enfeksiyona u\u011fram\u0131\u015f b\u00f6lgeden gelen sinyalleri bir sinir refleks ark\u0131 vas\u0131tas\u0131yla enfeksiyon \u00e7evresindeki alanlara iletti\u011fini ve oralarda da yan\u0131t\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131n\u0131, b\u00f6ylece enfeksiyonun yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nledi\u011fini g\u00f6sterdiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"776\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/PainsensingnervesgraphicHR-1024x776.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3213\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/PainsensingnervesgraphicHR-1024x776.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/PainsensingnervesgraphicHR-400x303.jpg 400w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/PainsensingnervesgraphicHR-768x582.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/PainsensingnervesgraphicHR-110x83.jpg 110w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/PainsensingnervesgraphicHR-420x318.jpg 420w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/PainsensingnervesgraphicHR-568x430.jpg 568w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/PainsensingnervesgraphicHR.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Farelerdeki C.albicans enfeksiyonunun sinir aktivasyonunda ve sinirin aktive edilip sinyalin yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n bloke edildi\u011fi durumlardaki kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 k\u00fcr g\u00f6rselleri.<br>Kaynak: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newswise.com\/multimedia\/detail?image_id=180098\">Newswise<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p> Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar bu yeni sinir odakl\u0131 koruyucu mekanizmaya \u201c\u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k &#8211; anticipatory immunity\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 verdiler. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kaplan Lab\u2019da Ph.D. \u00f6\u011frencisi ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n birinci yazar\u0131 olan Jonathan Cohen, M.D., \u015f\u00f6yle diyor; \u201cSinir sisteminin buna dahil olmas\u0131n\u0131n avantaj\u0131, ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k h\u00fccrelerinin ayn\u0131 i\u015flevi yapmas\u0131 i\u00e7in saat veya g\u00fcnler gerekirken, sinir sisteminin bu bilgileri milisaniyeler i\u00e7inde iletebilmesidir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> Kaplan, bulgular\u0131n cilt veya ba\u011f\u0131rsak gibi bariyer dokular\u0131n\u0131n otoimm\u00fcn hastal\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in ilgin\u00e7 etkileri oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. \u201cBu ger\u00e7ekten yeni ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k tipini anlamak, belirli dokularda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 otoimm\u00fcn enflamasyonu se\u00e7ici olarak bask\u0131lamak i\u00e7in bir ilac\u0131n geli\u015ftirilip geli\u015ftirilemeyece\u011fi ve t\u00fcm v\u00fccudu etkileyen geni\u015f imm\u00fcnos\u00fcpresanlar\u0131 kullanmaktan kaynaklanan olumsuz yan etkilerden ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131l\u0131p ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 sorular\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirmektedir.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kaynak\u00e7a ve ileri okuma i\u00e7in;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/neurosciencenews.com\/skin-pain-infection-14585\/\">https:\/\/neurosciencenews.com\/skin-pain-infection-14585\/<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2019.06.022\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2019.06.022<\/a><\/li><li>Guyton and Hall Texbook of Medical Physiology 13th edition<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dmm.003871\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dmm.003871<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Kapak g\u00f6rseli kayna\u011f\u0131;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/we-care.co.za\/\">Wecare<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kendinizi \u00e7imdikleyin. E\u011fer a\u011fr\u0131 hissediyorsan\u0131z bu, derinizdeki \u00f6zelle\u015fmi\u015f sinir sonlanmalar\u0131 sayesinde oluyor. \u015ea\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir ke\u015fifte, Pittsburgh \u00dcniversitesi T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesi&#8217;ndeki ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar,<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":112,"featured_media":3214,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1,165],"tags":[490,499,493,495,491,488,489,498,494,497,496,492],"acf":[],"views":1357,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3208"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/112"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3208"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3208\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4090,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3208\/revisions\/4090"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3214"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3208"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3208"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3208"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}