{"id":4375,"date":"2019-12-19T20:13:25","date_gmt":"2019-12-19T17:13:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=4375"},"modified":"2019-12-20T11:12:50","modified_gmt":"2019-12-20T08:12:50","slug":"hofmannin-problemli-cocugunun-katili-hippiler-mi-amerikan-hukumeti-mi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/hofmannin-problemli-cocugunun-katili-hippiler-mi-amerikan-hukumeti-mi\/","title":{"rendered":"Hofmann’\u0131n problemli \u00e7ocu\u011funun katili Hippiler mi Amerikan h\u00fck\u00fcmeti mi?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"

https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/retropolis\/wp\/2017\/10\/19\/the-day-anti-vietnam-war-protesters-tried-to-levitate-the-pentagon\/<\/a> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

LSD’nin mucize ila\u00e7 mertebesinden yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 uyu\u015fturucu madde seviyesine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne tan\u0131k olan Albert Hofmann, 1979 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 “My Problem Child” adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yordu: “Yanl\u0131\u015f ve uygunsuz kullan\u0131m y\u00fcz\u00fcnden LSD benim problemli \u00e7ocu\u011fum oldu. \u00c7ok yararl\u0131 olabilecek bir ila\u00e7 bir zevk maddesi haline geldi, suiistimal edildi. LSD\u2019nin yasaklanmas\u0131 hatayd\u0131. Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011fa yol a\u00e7m\u0131yordu. Kontroll\u00fc bir \u015fekilde bilim alan\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7ok faydal\u0131 olabilirdi.” <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir kimyasal maddenin kaderi insanlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ak\u0131mlar\u0131yla de\u011fi\u015febilir mi? LSD nedir ve nas\u0131l ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir? LSD’nin bireylerden kalabal\u0131klara,laboratuvarlardan asit partileri ve m\u00fczik festivallerine yolculu\u011fu nas\u0131l oldu? LSD’nin kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Amerika ile imtihan\u0131… Bu sorular\u0131n cevaplar\u0131 ve daha fazlas\u0131 i\u00e7in okumaya devam edin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"

https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?search=lsd&title=Special%3ASearch&go=Go&ns0=1&ns6=1&ns12=1&ns14=1&ns100=1&ns106=1#\/media\/File:1B-LSD_Structure.svg<\/a> <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

LSD ( liserjik asit dietilamid), alg\u0131lar\u0131 ve hisleri \u00e7arp\u0131tan ve de\u011fi\u015ftiren uzun s\u00fcreli psikoaktif bir ila\u00e7t\u0131r. Kontrols\u00fcz durumlarda,mevcut olan en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ruh hali de\u011fi\u015ftirici ila\u00e7lardan biridir. Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7eklik alg\u0131s\u0131nda on iki saate kadar s\u00fcrebilen derin \u00e7arp\u0131tmalara neden olur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

1938’de \u0130svi\u00e7reli bir kimyager Albert Hofmann ilk kez bir ila\u00e7 firmas\u0131 olan Sandoz i\u00e7in bir projenin par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak LSD’yi sentezledi. Hofmann, \u00e7avdarda yeti\u015fen ergot ( <\/strong>Claviceps purpurea<\/em> olarak bilinir) ad\u0131nda parazitik bir mantar \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu .
Tarihe “Bisiklet G\u00fcn\u00fc” olarak ge\u00e7en 19 Nisan 1943 g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6\u011fleden sonras\u0131nda Albert Hofmann bisikletle laboratuvardan evine d\u00f6nerken, \u00e7evresindeki nesnelerin ans\u0131z\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fiverdi\u011fini hissetti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evdeyken, “r\u00fcya gibi” bir durumdayd\u0131 ve “kesintisiz, fantastik resimlerin kesintisiz bir buhar\u0131n\u0131, yo\u011fun, s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fen renk oyunuyla ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc \u015fekillerde” alg\u0131l\u0131yordu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ertesi g\u00fcn, Hofmann s\u0131rad\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir \u015fey yapt\u0131. Bug\u00fcnki tipik minimum dozdan on kat daha fazla yani 250 mikrogram LSD ald\u0131. K\u0131sacas\u0131, \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131na d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve zar zor konu\u015fabiliyordu. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta panikledi ve laboratuvar asistan\u0131ndan doktor \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi. Doktor, Hofmann’da, dilate olmas\u0131, d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yanl\u0131\u015f bir \u015fey bulamad\u0131. Ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 panik k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra co\u015fku hissine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve Hofmann bir kez daha g\u00fczel \u015fekiller ve renkler alg\u0131lad\u0131. Ertesi g\u00fcn, Sandoz’da ba\u015fkalar\u0131na olanlardan bahsetti ve onlar da benzer sonu\u00e7lar elde etmek i\u00e7in ilac\u0131 denediler. Ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir ilac\u0131n bu kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dozlarda bu kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc etkileri oldu\u011fu bilinmemekteydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
LSD alm\u0131\u015f hasta 9. saateki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc b\u00f6yle resmediyor.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Peki LSD Hofmann’a ne yapt\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bilim adamlar\u0131, LSD’nin beyindeki bir n\u00f6rotransmiter olan serotoninin d\u00fczenlenmesinde rol oynayan resept\u00f6rleri etkileyerek \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yor. Serotonin, ruh hali, motor kontrol, duyusal alg\u0131, a\u00e7l\u0131k, v\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 ve cinsel davran\u0131\u015f gibi davran\u0131\u015fsal, alg\u0131sal ve d\u00fczenleyici sistemlerin kontrol\u00fcnde rol oynuyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sistem LSD alarak bozuldu\u011funda , kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7eklik alg\u0131s\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fime veya ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle hal\u00fcsinasyonlara neden oldu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu duyusal hal\u00fcsinasyonlara h\u0131zl\u0131 ve yo\u011fun duygusal sal\u0131n\u0131mlar e\u015flik edebilir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, bir LSD “gezisi” keyifli bir deneyim olmaktan kabus gibi bir duruma \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ge\u00e7ebilir ve bu durum ilac\u0131n etkisini son derece tahmin edilemez hale getirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

LSD, hal\u00fcsinasyonlar ile ili\u015fkili de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f zihinsel durum nedeniyle, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta psikomimetik(<\/em> \u015fizofreni gibi zihinsel hastal\u0131klar\u0131 taklit eden bir madde ) olarak<\/em> kabul edildi.<\/em> Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, ilac\u0131n etkilerinin \u015fizofreni veya paranoya ile benzer olmas\u0131n\u0131 umdular ve bu da halk\u0131n LSD’yi \u00fcz\u00fcc\u00fc ve naho\u015f bir deneyim olarak alg\u0131lamas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak, bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 LSD hakk\u0131nda farkl\u0131 fikirlere sahipti. Sidney Cohen, hastal\u0131klar\u0131 ve ila\u00e7lar\u0131 inceleyen ve LSD’ye ilgi duyan farmakoloji alan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir profes\u00f6rd\u00fc. 1955 y\u0131l\u0131nda, hastalar\u0131n\u0131n ne ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlayabilmek i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilac\u0131 kendisi almaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Cohen’in ilac\u0131n etkilerini , \u201cg\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131n endi\u015feleri ve s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ortadan kalkt\u0131; onlar\u0131n yerine g\u00f6rkemli, g\u00fcne\u015fli, cennet gibi bir i\u00e7 sessizlik vard\u0131”\u015feklinde tan\u0131mlad\u0131 . Cohen paranoya bekliyordu ama meditasyona benzeyen huzurlu bir sansasyon ya\u015fad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu deneyim sebebiyle bilim insanlar\u0131 LSD’nin ak\u0131l hastal\u0131klar\u0131 tedavisi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcler. Cohen kendi deneylerini yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ancak meslekta\u015flar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla; Cohen, LSD’yi bir \u201cbilin\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fimi\u201d olarak yeniden tan\u0131mlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131 . Bu, LSD’nin bir paranoyadan ziyade d\u00fcnya insan\u0131n\u0131n ego ve gelenekselli\u011fini a\u015fmas\u0131na izin veren bir deneyim olabilece\u011fi anlam\u0131na geliyordu . <\/strong>Cohen’in ayd\u0131nlat\u0131c\u0131 deneyimi, Alg\u0131 Kap\u0131lar\u0131’n\u0131n<\/em> yazar\u0131 bizimse daha \u00e7ok Cesur Yeni D\u00fcnya’s\u0131ndan tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z Aldous Huxley gibi di\u011fer entelekt\u00fceller taraf\u0131ndan payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Alg\u0131 Kap\u0131lar\u0131, Huxley’in meskalin ve LSD gibi psikedelik ila\u00e7lar hakk\u0131nda \u00f6\u011frendiklerini anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 pop\u00fcler bir kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr kitab\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun gibi kitaplar \u00f6zellikle gen\u00e7 liberal lisans \u00f6\u011frencileri ve tabiki kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr denince ilk akl\u0131m\u0131za gelen Hippiler olarak bilinen gen\u00e7 yeti\u015fkin topluluklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda pop\u00fclerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

60’LARIN K\u00dcLT\u00dcR DEVR\u0130M\u0130<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1959’da Guguk Ku\u015fu eseriyle tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z Ken Kesey, ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin LSD’nin etkileri \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan deneylerine kat\u0131lan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck grubun i\u00e7inde yer ald\u0131 ve bu karar onu \u00fclkede LSD’yi deneyen ilk insanlardan biri yapt\u0131. Bu deneyim Kesey i\u00e7in bir uyan\u0131\u015f gibiydi. Daha sonra LSD’nin kendisine ayd\u0131nlanma sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve beyninin bilinmeyen girintilerine dokunmas\u0131na izin verdi\u011fini yazd\u0131.”Guguk Ku\u015fu” yeni yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcyd\u00fc. Hippilerin temsilcisi haline gelen Ken Kesey 1964 y\u0131l\u0131nda yolda\u015flar\u0131yla birlikte i\u00e7ine LSD doldurduklar\u0131 ve “Furthur” ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri otob\u00fcsle Amerika’n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerine seyehat ettiler ,gittikleri her yere asit partilerini de ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131lar. O zamanlar, LSD hen\u00fcz yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir ila\u00e7 olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"

https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?search=KEN+KESEY&title=Special%3ASearch&go=Go&ns0=1&ns6=1&ns12=1&ns14=1&ns100=1&ns106=1#\/media\/File:Furthur_01.jpg<\/a> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

LSD’nin \u00f6forik ve hal\u00fcsinasyonel g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle beslenerek ve \u00fctopik geleneklerden yola \u00e7\u0131karak, 1967 yaz\u0131nda \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr art\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n yeniden do\u011fabilece\u011fi inanc\u0131yla birlikte sanat,moda ve m\u00fczikte yarat\u0131c\u0131 bir patlama oldu. Psikedelik sanat\u0131n\u0131n canl\u0131, ak\u0131c\u0131 renkleri ve sevginin t\u00fcm sorunlara \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm oldu\u011fu inanc\u0131yla karakterize olan, Bat\u0131 toplumunun b\u00fct\u00fcn sosyal, politik, ekonomik ve estetik unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 reddededen ve d\u00fcnyay\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in yola \u00e7\u0131kan Hippi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc olu\u015ftu, zihinleri LSD ile geni\u015flemi\u015f sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 \u00e7i\u00e7ek \u00e7ocuklar do\u011fdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

LSD, pop\u00fcler k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Leary ve Alpert gibi akademik taraftarlar\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131yla da pop\u00fclerle\u015fmeye devam etti. Bununla birlikte Hippilerle ilgili olumsuz tutumlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu. Bunda uzatt\u0131klar\u0131 sa\u00e7lar\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile pis g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeleri, \u00e7\u0131plak olmalar\u0131 ve serbest cinselli\u011fi savunmalar\u0131 etkili oldu. Daha sonra \u201cABD’nin LSD’ye Kar\u015f\u0131 Yo\u011fun Kampanya Planlar\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 1966 tarihli LA Times makalesinde, muhabir Rudy Abramson, FDA’n\u0131n(Food and Drug Administration )LSD’yi \u201cneredeyse narkotik maddeler kadar tehlikeli\u201d olarak kabul etti\u011fini ve LSD’yi \u201c\u00fcniversite kamp\u00fcslerinde \u00e7ok fazla eri\u015filebilir\u201d olarak de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fini belirtti. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l, New Jersey Narkotik Uyu\u015fturucu \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Komisyonu, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a LSD’nin \u201c\u00fclkeye en b\u00fcy\u00fck tehdit\u201doldu\u011funu ve \u201cVietnam Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan daha tehlikeli\u201d oldu\u011funu iddia etti. 1967’de Bilim Magazin<\/em>, LSD’nin kromozomlara zarar verdi\u011fi iddias\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131nlad\u0131. LSD toplum i\u00e7inde kontrols\u00fczce kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve tehdit olu\u015fturmas\u0131 nedeniyle su\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015f, t\u0131bbi tedavi potansiyeli oldu\u011fu bu \u00e7evreler taraf\u0131ndan tamamen g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmi\u015fti.

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Medya, federal h\u00fck\u00fcmeti harekete ge\u00e7irmeye zorlad\u0131, 60’lar\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda LSD, ABD’de yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 hale getirildi. LSD, Hippilerle ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrleraras\u0131 hareketle e\u015fanlaml\u0131 hale geldi\u011fi ve k\u00f6t\u00fc probagandas\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in halk taraf\u0131ndan da d\u0131\u015fland\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece LSD’nin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta bilinen terap\u00f6tik faydalar\u0131, korku hikayeleri anlat\u0131l\u0131p k\u00fclt\u00fcr devrimi izlenerek unutulup gitti. Faydalar\u0131n\u0131n unutulmas\u0131 ile birlikte ilac\u0131n pop\u00fclaritesi azalsa bile, sevginin g\u00fcc\u00fc ile bir sava\u015f\u0131n(Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131) nas\u0131l reddedilece\u011fini g\u00f6steren bir ku\u015fak insana arkada\u015fl\u0131k etti\u011fi i\u00e7in sosyolojik etkileri uzun s\u00fcrd\u00fc. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

KAYNAK\u00c7A:
1-https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/3910781<\/a>
2- https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/hippie<\/a>
3-https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/the-effects-of-lsd-on-the-brain-67496<\/a>
4-https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/295966.php<\/a>
5- http:\/\/pitjournal.unc.edu\/content\/lsd-and-hippies-focused-analysis-criminalization-and-persecution-sixties<\/a>
6- http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/culture\/story\/20181016-how-lsd-influenced-western-culture<\/a>
7- https:\/\/psychedelictimes.com\/the-colorful-history-of-lsd-from-counterculture-to-modern-psychotherapy\/<\/a>
8-https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2008\/05\/05\/arts\/05conn.html<\/a>
9- https:\/\/science.howstuffworks.com\/lsd.htm<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu yaz\u0131 yukar\u0131daki kaynaklardan derlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

LSD’nin mucize ila\u00e7 mertebesinden yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 uyu\u015fturucu madde seviyesine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne tan\u0131k olan Albert Hofmann, 1979 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 “My Problem Child” adl\u0131<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":186,"featured_media":4378,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"acf":[],"views":1605,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4375"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/186"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4375"}],"version-history":[{"count":40,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4375\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4433,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4375\/revisions\/4433"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4378"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4375"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4375"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4375"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}