{"id":4969,"date":"2020-03-08T12:58:31","date_gmt":"2020-03-08T09:58:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=4969"},"modified":"2020-03-08T13:02:46","modified_gmt":"2020-03-08T10:02:46","slug":"korona-virusleri-genetik-arastirmalar-bize-nasil-yol-gosterebilir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/korona-virusleri-genetik-arastirmalar-bize-nasil-yol-gosterebilir\/","title":{"rendered":"Korona Vir\u00fcsleri: Genetik Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Bize Nas\u0131l Yol G\u00f6sterebilir?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Son g\u00fcnlerde \u00e7o\u011fu insan\u0131n dikkati \u00c7in\u2019de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u2018Novel (new\/yeni) Coronavirus\u2019\u00fcn (2019-nCoV) yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen solunum yolu hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve bu hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 salg\u0131na \u00e7evrildi. \u00c7o\u011fu salg\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi, bilinmeyenin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 panik, \u00c7in\u2019den ne kadar uzak olursak olal\u0131m \u00e7o\u011fumuzu endi\u015felendirip bizlerde bu vir\u00fcs ve meydana getirdi\u011fi hastal\u0131k hakk\u0131nda daha fazla bilgi edinme iste\u011fi yaratm\u0131\u015f oldu. Peki, bu vir\u00fcs bu kadar yeniyken ve bir\u00e7ok bilgi platformunda bilgi kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 varken, vir\u00fcs\u00fc alt edebilmek i\u00e7in \u015fu anda neler yap\u0131l\u0131yor, bu vir\u00fcs hakk\u0131nda asl\u0131nda neleri biliyoruz? Belki de bu yolculu\u011fu tam olarak kavrayabilmek i\u00e7in Korona vir\u00fcslerinin ge\u00e7mi\u015fini ve genetik geli\u015fmelerini mercek alt\u0131na almal\u0131y\u0131z. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki kronolojide de g\u00f6r\u00fclebildi\u011fi gibi, bu salg\u0131n bir\u00e7ok insan\u0131 korkutabilecek \u015fekilde h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ilerledi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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(Resim 1: SARS-CoV-2\u2019nin yay\u0131lmas\u0131. 30 Aral\u0131k 2019: <\/em>\u00c7in Ulusal Sa\u011fl\u0131k Komisyonu\u2019na kayna\u011f\u0131 bilinmeyen bir tak\u0131m zat\u00fcrre vakalar\u0131n\u0131n bildirilmesi; 1 Ocak 2020:<\/em> Huanan Deniz \u00dcr\u00fcn\u00fc Marketi\u2019nin kapat\u0131lmas\u0131; 7 Ocak 2020:<\/em> Yeni Korona vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn izole edilmesi; 11 Ocak 2020:<\/em> Korona vir\u00fcs\u00fcnden ilk \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn bildirilmesi; 12 Ocak 2020: <\/em>Vir\u00fcs\u00fcn \u20182019-nCoV\u2019 olarak isimlendirilip genom diziliminin D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc ile payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131; 13 Ocak 2020:<\/em> Tayland\u2019da ilk hastan\u0131n bildirilmesi; 16 Ocak 2020: Japonya\u2019daki ilk vakan\u0131n bildirilmesi; 19 Ocak 2020: <\/em>Kore\u2019de ilk vakan\u0131n, Beijing ve Guangdong kentlerinde iki vakan\u0131n bildirilmesi; 20 Ocak 2020:<\/em> 2019-nCoV vir\u00fcs\u00fc ile enfekte olmu\u015f ki\u015filerle ilgilenen sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131nda ilk enfeksiyonlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi; 24 Ocak 2020:<\/em> 559\u2019u Hubei k\u0131sm\u0131nda olmak \u00fczere \u00c7in\u2019de toplam 835 vakan\u0131n bildirilmesi. Wang, C., Horby, P., Hayden, F., & Gao, G. (2020). A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. The Lancet<\/em>, 395<\/em>(10223), 470-473. doi: 10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30185-9) <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Korona Vir\u00fcsleri, \u00e7o\u011fu ki\u015finin Korona ad\u0131n\u0131 2019 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda ba\u015flayan bu salg\u0131nla duymas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, asl\u0131nda insanlar i\u00e7in hi\u00e7 de yeni vir\u00fcsler de\u011fillerdir. 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) vir\u00fcs\u00fc ve daha sonra Suudi Arabistan gibi bir\u00e7ok yerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen MERS (Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome) salg\u0131nlar\u0131 da ba\u015fka Korona vir\u00fcs\u00fc \u00e7e\u015fitlerinden kaynaklanmaktayd\u0131 (1). Korona vir\u00fcs\u00fc tipleri, solunum yolu gibi insan hayat\u0131 i\u00e7in kritik olan sistemlerdeki proteinlerin i\u015flevlerini etkilemekte. Bu grubun vir\u00fcsleri benzer belirtiler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yormu\u015f gibi g\u00f6z\u00fckse de asl\u0131nda insan v\u00fccudunda yaratt\u0131klar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimlerin ve bilindi\u011fi kadar\u0131yla etki mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131, her biri i\u00e7in detayl\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Genel olarak Korona vir\u00fcsleri, RNA genomuna sahip ve genom b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcklerine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda RNA vir\u00fcsleri aras\u0131nda en uzun genetik materyale sahip vir\u00fcs grubu olarak nitelendirilirler (2). Vir\u00fcslerin genetik dizilimleri, \u00fcretebilecekleri ve ihtiya\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131 proteinleri de bizlere g\u00f6stermektedir. Korona vir\u00fcs\u00fc grubundakilerin hangi tip h\u00fccreleri enfekte edebilece\u011fini ve hangi canl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerine nas\u0131l zarar vereceklerini belirleyen proteinlerden biri de S proteinidir. Vir\u00fcs\u00fcn kodlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu protein, kaps\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcst\u00fcndeki tipik ta\u00e7 \u015feklindeki y\u00fczeyi (ki bu \u015fekil, Korona vir\u00fcslerine isimlerini veren \u2018corona\u2019 kelimesinin kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r) olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r (2). Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla vir\u00fcs bir canl\u0131n\u0131n v\u00fccuduna girdi\u011finde de resept\u00f6r\/ligand molek\u00fcl e\u015fle\u015fmesinde S proteinleri belirleyici olur ve s\u00fcrecin gidi\u015fat\u0131n\u0131 derinden etkiler. Yak\u0131n zamanda yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, SARS-CoV-2\u2019nin SARS-CoV gibi ACE2 proteinlerini resept\u00f6r olarak kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret etmektedir (3). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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(Resim 2: CDC taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanan Korona vir\u00fcs\u00fc morfolojisi, https:\/\/today.uic.edu\/coronavirus<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ancak belki de 2019\u2019da bulunan vir\u00fcs\u00fcn yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 salg\u0131n\u0131n daha \u00f6ncekilerden en \u00f6nemli fark\u0131, \u015fu an i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz bilim \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n beraberinde getirmi\u015f oldu\u011fu eri\u015fim kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve h\u0131zl\u0131ca sonuca g\u00f6t\u00fcren molek\u00fcler y\u00f6ntemlerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131. 2019’da bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n ilk vakalar\u0131n\u0131 kaydetmi\u015f oldu\u011fu SARS-CoV-2 vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn genetik dizilimi, \u00c7inli bilim insanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde belirlenip ba\u015fka ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n eri\u015febilece\u011fi platformlarda payla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Vir\u00fcs\u00fcn bula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 insan say\u0131s\u0131 neredeyse logaritmik bir \u015fekilde artarken, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok noktas\u0131ndaki ara\u015ft\u0131rma gruplar\u0131; a\u015f\u0131 denemelerine, vir\u00fcs\u00fc hangi a\u00e7\u0131dan yenebilece\u011fimize dair ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara birka\u00e7 hafta i\u00e7erisinde ba\u015flayabilmi\u015flerdi. Bu imkanlar\u0131n hepsi, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bilimde kat etti\u011fi yolun en \u00f6nemli g\u00f6stergesidir belki de.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7o\u011fu ki\u015fi Korona vir\u00fcslerinin hayvanlardan insanlara ge\u00e7ti\u011fini (4) biliyor, fakat bu vir\u00fcsler t\u00fcrler aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7i\u015f yapmay\u0131 nas\u0131l ba\u015far\u0131yorlar? Vir\u00fcs\u00fcn canl\u0131 v\u00fccuduna girdi\u011findeki prensibi, bula\u015fabildi\u011fi b\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131lar i\u00e7in benzer oldu\u011fundan bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 ger\u00e7ekle\u015febiliyor. Yani vir\u00fcs bir insan\u0131n soluk borusuna bir \u015fekilde ula\u015fabildiyse ve ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu molek\u00fcllere tutunup h\u00fccre i\u00e7ine girmeyi ba\u015farabildiyse, bu canl\u0131y\u0131 da hastal\u0131\u011fa do\u011fru s\u00fcr\u00fckleyebilir (3). K\u0131sacas\u0131, canl\u0131lar\u0131n  t\u00fcrleri farkl\u0131 olsa bile vir\u00fcs\u00fcn as\u0131l amac\u0131 canl\u0131n\u0131n resept\u00f6rlerine ula\u015fmak ve \u00e7o\u011falmakt\u0131r. Ancak yak\u0131n zamanda yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, yeni Korona vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn de farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrleri olabilece\u011fini ortaya koydu. \u00c7in\u2019de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcten bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, 103 hastan\u0131n enfekte oldu\u011fu vir\u00fcslerin genetik dizilimini incelediklerinde, her vir\u00fcs\u00fcn ayn\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, hatta iki farkl\u0131 t\u00fcre ayr\u0131labileceklerini g\u00f6zlemlediler (5). Bu iki tipi de \u2018L\u2019 ve \u2019S\u2019 olarak ikiye ay\u0131rd\u0131lar. Hasta \u00f6rneklerinin %70\u2019inde L, geri kalan\u0131nda S tipi dizilendi. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmada L tipi S\u2019den daha \u2018agresif\u2019 olarak belirlendi fakat \u015fu s\u0131ralar S tipinin, L\u2019nin karantinalar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla engellenmesiyle, daha yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmekte. Ku\u015fkusuz bu tip bulgular bizlere salg\u0131n s\u00fcresince yol g\u00f6sterecek olsa da sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n istatistiksel olarak hala tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve vir\u00fcsle ilgili verilerin hala fazlas\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldu\u011funu da belirtmek gerekiyor (6). \u00d6rne\u011fin, sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 daha teyit edilmese de Brezilya\u2019da saptanan bir tak\u0131m Korona vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn genetik diziliminin hem birbirlerinden hem de  Wuhan\u2019da dizilenen vir\u00fcsten farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirten ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar bulunmakta (7).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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(Resim 3: Vir\u00fcslerin \u00e7o\u011falma mekanizmas\u0131. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/genome\/viruses\/<\/a> kayna\u011f\u0131ndan al\u0131n\u0131p Wikimedia Commons taraf\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Peki vir\u00fcsler canl\u0131 v\u00fccuduna girip resept\u00f6rlerine ula\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra nas\u0131l \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131yorlar? Yeni SARS-CoV-2 vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ayda ortalama 2 mutasyon ge\u00e7irerek bula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir filogenetik analiz sonucunda ortaya s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc (8). Genel olarak vir\u00fcslerin h\u00fccrelere girme, enfekte etme ve en sonunda \u00e7o\u011falarak hastal\u0131\u011fa neden olma mekanizmalar\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde: vir\u00fcs\u00fcn h\u00fccreye resept\u00f6rler sayesinde ba\u011flanmas\u0131, i\u00e7eri girmesi, kaps\u00fcl\u00fcn ayr\u0131lmas\u0131, vir\u00fcs\u00fcn DNA veya RNA vir\u00fcs\u00fc olmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak genetik dizilimini \u00e7o\u011faltarak proteinlerini sentezlemesi ve enfekte olan h\u00fccreden d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 (9). Korona vir\u00fcsleri RNA vir\u00fcsleri olduklar\u0131ndan enfekte ettikleri h\u00fccrenin ribozomlar\u0131 sayesinde ihtiya\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131 proteinleri sentezlerler (10). \u0130lk sentezlenen protein, vir\u00fcs\u00fcn genomunu \u00e7o\u011faltmas\u0131na yarayan RNA\u2019ya ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 RNA polimeraz enzimidir. Bu \u015fekilde vir\u00fcsler hasta canl\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fccrelerini kendi yararlar\u0131na kullan\u0131r ve kendi kopyalar\u0131n\u0131 \u2018paketleyerek\u2019 v\u00fccutta \u00e7o\u011falabilirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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(Resim 4: Korona vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen mutasyonlar, olu\u015fan farkl\u0131 genetik dizilimler ve bu tiplerin g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fclkeler. https:\/\/bedford.io\/blog\/ncov-cryptic-transmission\/<\/a>) <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n


<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Salg\u0131n\u0131n 102,000 ki\u015fiden daha fazla insan\u0131 enfekte etti\u011fi (11) bu s\u0131ralarda bir\u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rma grubu da vir\u00fcse kar\u015f\u0131 bir tedavi bulabilmek i\u00e7in \u00e7aba harc\u0131yor. \u00c7in taraf\u0131ndan resm\u00ee olarak onaylanan ilk ila\u00e7 Favilavir oldu (12). Bu ila\u00e7, yay\u0131nlara g\u00f6re Shenzhen\u2019de 70 hasta ile y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen bir denemede hastalar\u0131n iyile\u015fme s\u00fcrecine katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Vir\u00fcse kar\u015f\u0131 koymak i\u00e7in halen ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan  bir fikir de Amerika\u2019daki test s\u00fcreci Mart ay\u0131nda ba\u015flamas\u0131 planlanan mRNA-1273 tedavisidir (13). Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rma, di\u011fer bir\u00e7oklar\u0131 gibi, vir\u00fcs\u00fcn hasta canl\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fccrelerine girebilmesini sa\u011flayan S proteinini hedef alarak vir\u00fcs\u00fcn \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemeyi ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r (14). Korona vir\u00fcslerinin genomunda kodlanan proteinler tedaviler i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir odak noktas\u0131 olsa da insan mezenkimal k\u00f6k h\u00fccreleri (15) gibi yap\u0131lar\u0131 kullanarak da bir\u00e7ok tedavi fikri ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bunlar deneme a\u015famalar\u0131na girmi\u015ftir. Hedeflenen yap\u0131lar\u0131n yan\u0131nda tedavinin uygulanma \u015fekli konusunda da de\u011fi\u015fik y\u00f6ntemler geli\u015fme a\u015famas\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Altimmune \u015firketi, burundan tek doz halinde al\u0131nabilecek bir ila\u00e7 \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na devam etmekte ve ilac\u0131n klinik testlerine A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda ba\u015flayabilmeyi hedeflemektedir (16). Ara\u015ft\u0131rma gruplar\u0131n\u0131n da belirtti\u011fi gibi SARS-CoV-2\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen tedavilerin bir\u00e7o\u011fu hala ara\u015ft\u0131rma-geli\u015ftirme a\u015famas\u0131ndad\u0131r. Ancak bir\u00e7ok hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131nda ve tedavi s\u00fcrecinde oldu\u011fu gibi ku\u015fkusuz bu salg\u0131n\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na almakta da genetik biliminin \u00f6nemi ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve genetik bilimi bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n odaklar\u0131ndan biri olabilmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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(Resim 5: Yeni Korona vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak amac\u0131yla \u00e7ekilmi\u015f bir elektron mikroskobu resmi. @NIAID-RML) <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Korona vir\u00fcslerinden korunabilmek i\u00e7in veya bu vir\u00fcsler hakk\u0131nda daha fazla bilgiye ula\u015fabilmek i\u00e7in D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (WHO\/DS\u00d6), Johns Hopkins T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesi gibi kurulu\u015flar\u0131n yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 resm\u00ee raporlardan yararlanabilirsiniz. Bunun yan\u0131nda, bir\u00e7ok akademik derginin ve yay\u0131nevinin geli\u015fmelere kolay eri\u015fime katk\u0131da bulunabilmek ad\u0131na yeni ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 \u2018a\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fim\u2019 \u015feklinde yay\u0131nlad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda bulunan cevaplar\u0131n buradan g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde \u00f6\u011frenilebilece\u011fine dikkat \u00e7ekmek isterim (17, 18, 19). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/mers\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) Fehr, A., Perlman, S. Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis. Methods in Molecular Biology.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/how-do-animal-viruses-like-coronavirus-jump-species-20200225\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(4) WHO, Int. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Report 22, 11 \u015eubat 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/situation-reports\/20200211-sitrep-22-ncov.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(5) Tang, X., Wu, C., Li, X., Song, Y., Yao, X., & Wu, X. et al. (2020). On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2. National Science Review<\/em>. doi: 10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa036 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

(6) https:\/\/www.livescience.com\/coronavirus-mutations.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(7) http:\/\/virological.org\/t\/first-cases-of-coronavirus-disease-covid-19-in-brazil-south-america-2-genomes-3rd-march-2020\/409<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(8) http:\/\/virological.org\/t\/phylodynamic-analysis-176-genomes-6-mar-2020\/356<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(9) https:\/\/www.immunology.org\/public-information\/bitesized-immunology\/pathogens-and-disease\/virus-replication<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(10) Fehr, A., & Perlman, S. (2015). Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis. Coronaviruses<\/em>, 1-23. doi: 10.1007\/978-1-4939-2438-7_1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(11) Johns Hopkins University Interactive COVID-19 Map, https:\/\/www.arcgis.com\/apps\/opsdashboard\/index.html#\/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6<\/a>, eri\u015fim tarihi: 07 Mart 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(12) Coronavirus treatment: Vaccines\/drugs in the pipeline for COVID-19, https:\/\/www.clinicaltrialsarena.com\/analysis\/coronavirus-mers-cov-drugs\/<\/a>. Eri\u015fim tarihi: 06 Mart 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(13) https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04283461<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(14) https:\/\/www.genengnews.com\/news\/moderna-niaid-partner-on-planned-trial-of-coronavirus-mrna-vaccine\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(15) https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04273646?cond=Coronavirus&draw=3&rank=15<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(16) https:\/\/www.ns-healthcare.com\/news\/altimmune-covid-19-vaccine\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(17) https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/coronavirus?dgcid=kr_pop-up_tlcoronavirus20<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(18) https:\/\/novel-coronavirus.onlinelibrary.wiley.com<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(19) https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/coronavirus<\/a>
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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