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Pteropus vampyrus,\u201d<\/em>B\u00fcy\u00fck U\u00e7an Tilki\u201d <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n Yarasalar Hakk\u0131nda Genel Bilgiler:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u00fcnya\n\u00fczerinde tan\u0131ml\u0131 1300\u2019den fazla yarasa t\u00fcr\u00fc vard\u0131r. Kemirgenlerden sonra en\nyayg\u0131n ikinci memeli grubudur. Ayn\u0131 zamanda u\u00e7abilen tek memeli t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Genelde\nmemeli bir hayvan\u0131n \u00f6mr\u00fc onun v\u00fccut \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcyle ilgilidir. Bir tarla faresi\nnadiren bir y\u0131ldan fazla ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. Bir kedi 13 ya\u015f\u0131nda, k\u00f6pek 14 ya\u015f\u0131nda,\nat 20 ya\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fl\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r. Ancak yarasalar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fu fareden daha ufak oldu\u011fu\nhalde 15 veya daha fazla y\u0131l ya\u015fayabilmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca hayatlar\u0131 boyunca ya\u011fl\u0131\nb\u00f6ceklerle beslenen yarasalarda yan etki olarak hi\u00e7bir rahats\u0131zl\u0131k\ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemektedir. 20 ya\u015f\u0131nda bir yarasan\u0131n da, bir ya\u015f\u0131ndaki bir yarasan\u0131n da\natardamar \u00e7eperlerinde ya\u011f birikintisine rastlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Di\u015fi yarasalar,\nerke\u011finin spermini depolay\u0131p gerekti\u011finde kullanabilen tek memelidir. Bir\u00e7ok\nyarasa t\u00fcr\u00fc k\u0131\u015f uykusuna yatmadan evvel sonbaharda \u00e7iftle\u015fir. Di\u015fide ancak\nilkbaharda \u00fcreme h\u00fccresi (yumurta) meydana gelir ve k\u0131\u015f uykusu m\u00fcddetince\nv\u00fccudunda depolad\u0131\u011f\u0131 spermle bunu d\u00f6ller. Hamile di\u015filer do\u011fum oluncaya kadar\nerkeklerden ayr\u0131 olarak do\u011fum ko\u011fu\u015flar\u0131nda t\u00fcnerler. Do\u011fum oluncaya kadar\nerkekler buraya u\u011framazlar. Yavrular, haziran ve temmuz aylar\u0131nda do\u011farlar.\nGenelde di\u015fi, bir yavru do\u011furur. Bilim insanlar\u0131, di\u015fi yarasalar\u0131n sperm\ndepolama h\u00e2disesini hen\u00fcz \u00e7\u00f6zememi\u015ftir. Bununla ilgili olarak yo\u011fun\nara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde devam etmektedir. Bunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc ise suni\ntohumlamaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Bu yolla saf \u0131rk hayvanlar\u0131n spermlerinin uzun\nm\u00fcddet bozulmadan saklanmas\u0131 ve ithal edilmesi ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bilim insanlar\u0131, yarasalar\u0131n ba\u015f a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 durmalar\u0131n\u0131n sebebini net bir bilgiye sahip olmasalar da bir hipoteze dayand\u0131r\u0131yorlar: u\u00e7u\u015fa ge\u00e7meleri durumunda rahat\u00e7a (bir tehlike an\u0131nda h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde) u\u00e7abilmenin en kolay yolu ba\u015f a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 durmakt\u0131r. Yer \u00e7ekimi yard\u0131m\u0131yla 2 metreyi bulan kanatlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya b\u0131rak\u0131rlar ve rahatl\u0131kla u\u00e7u\u015f pozisyonuna getirirler, b\u00f6ylece bulunduklar\u0131 pozisyondan u\u00e7u\u015f haline kolayca ge\u00e7ebilirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Desmodus Rotundus ,<\/em>\u201cVampir Yarasa\u201d<\/em> <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Yarasalar karanl\u0131k\nma\u011faralarda gezinmek ve hava karard\u0131ktan sonra avlanmak i\u00e7in ses dalgalar\u0131n\u0131\nkullan\u0131rlar. Bu ses dalgalar\u0131n\u0131 nesnelerin yerini bulmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131rlar ve\nbunu da g\u00fcvenilir bir sistem olan \u201dEkolokasyon\u201d ile sa\u011flarlar. \u00c7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131\ny\u00fcksek perdeli ses, etrafta yank\u0131lanarak, etraf\u0131ndaki nesnenin boyutunu ve ne\nkadar uzakta oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Coronavirus ve Yarasa \u0130li\u015fkisi: <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yarasalar\u0131n vir\u00fcslere\nkar\u015f\u0131 \u015fiddetli ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k tepkisi, vir\u00fcslerin daha h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakta\nve bu durum insanlar gibi ortalama ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa sahip memelilere atlad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda\nvir\u00fcslerin \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl hasara yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyuyor. Yarasalar h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7o\u011falan\nve olduk\u00e7a bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 vir\u00fcslerin rezervuar\u0131 haline gelir ve yarasalar bu t\u00fcr\nvir\u00fcsleri tolere edebilirken, bu yarasa kaynakl\u0131 vir\u00fcsler sonras\u0131nda h\u0131zl\u0131\ntepki veren ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemine sahip olmayan bir canl\u0131ya ge\u00e7ti\u011finde vir\u00fcsler\nyeni kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zla bo\u011farak y\u00fcksek \u00f6l\u00fcm oranlar\u0131na neden olur. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar,\nyarasalar\u0131n do\u011fal habitat\u0131n\u0131n bozulmas\u0131 sonucunda hayvanlar\u0131n strese girdi\u011fi ve\nt\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fcklerinde, idrarlar\u0131nda ve di\u011fer hayvanlara bula\u015fabilecek d\u0131\u015fk\u0131lar\u0131nda\ndaha fazla vir\u00fcs bulundu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hepimizin\nde bildi\u011fi gib koronavir\u00fcsler tek sarmall\u0131 RNA genomuna (26-32 kb) sahip zarfl\u0131\nvir\u00fcslerdir. D\u00f6rt cins (alfa, beta, gama, delta) bulunan koronavir\u00fcsler i\u00e7inde\ninsan koronavir\u00fcsler \u03b1 (HCoV-229E ve NL63) ve \u03b2 koronavr\u00fcsler (MERS-CoV,\nSARS-CoV, HCoV- OC43 ve HCoV-HKU1) grubunda yer al\u0131r. \u201cSARS-CoV-2\u201d olarak\nadland\u0131r\u0131lan yeni vir\u00fcs \u03b2-CoV olup, sekans\u0131 yarasa k\u00f6kenli iki SARS benzeri\nkoronavir\u00fcse (bat-SL-CoVZC45 ve bat-SLCoVZXC21) %88, MERS-CoV ile %50 benzerlik\ng\u00f6stermektedir. Genomik analizin de SARS-CoV-2’nin filogenetik olarak ciddi\nakut solunum sendromu benzeri (SARS benzeri) yarasa vir\u00fcsleriyle ili\u015fkili\noldu\u011funun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerine yarasalar\u0131n olas\u0131 birincil rezervuar\nolabilece\u011fi ak\u0131llara gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u015eiddetli akut solunum sendromu ile ili\u015fkili koronavir\u00fcs\n(SARS-CoV)\u2019\u00fcn yarasalardan elde edilmesini ele alan bir di\u011fer makalede Hong\nKong’daki vah\u015fi hayvanlarda koronavir\u00fcs prevalans\u0131 \u00fczerine bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma\nyap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu co\u011frafi b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan vah\u015fi hayvanlar\u0131n SARS-CoV veya di\u011fer\ntan\u0131mlanamayan koronavir\u00fcslerin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131p ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131na bak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve\nyarasa koronavir\u00fcs\u00fc (BATCoV) tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130nceleme \u015fu \u015fekilde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:\nORF1b ve S-gen b\u00f6lgelerinden al\u0131nan RNA dizisinin analizleri, vir\u00fcs\u00fcn bir grup\n1 koronavir\u00fcs oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Vir\u00fcs, \u00fc\u00e7 yarasa t\u00fcr\u00fcnden (Miniopterus\nspp.) d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 ve solunum \u00f6rneklerinde tespit edilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle, Miniopterus\npusillus’tan d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 \u00f6rneklerinin% 63’\u00fc (19’un 12’si) vir\u00fcs i\u00e7in pozitif \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f\nolup bu bulgular, bu vir\u00fcs\u00fcn Hong Kong’daki M. pusillus’ta yayg\u0131n olarak\ndola\u015fabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Covid-19 pandemisinden \u00f6nce de zoonotik enfeksiyonlar\u0131n\ninsanl\u0131k i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck sorunlar olu\u015fturulabilece\u011fi \u00f6nceden \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve 2007\ny\u0131l\u0131nda Wong, S. ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan makalede bu konu \u015fu \u015fekilde\nele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:\n\nYarasalarla ili\u015fkili oldu\u011fu bildirilen 60 viral t\u00fcr\u00fcn 59’u, insanlarda\nortaya \u00e7\u0131kan enfeksiyonlar\u0131n olu\u015fumunda potansiyel olarak \u00f6nemli olan RNA\nvir\u00fcsleridir. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00f6rnekleri lyssavir\u00fcsler ve Henipavir\u00fcst\u00fcr.\nNipah, Hendra ve belki de SARS koronavir\u00fcs ve Ebola vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn insanlara\nbula\u015fmas\u0131, s\u0131ras\u0131yla domuz, at, misk kedisi ve primat gibi ara amplifikasyon\nkonak\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erebilir. Do\u011fal rezervuar, amplifikat\u00f6r konak\u00e7\u0131, salg\u0131n merkezi\nve risk alt\u0131ndaki insan pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan zoonozun\nkontrol\u00fcnde \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. \u00c7ok say\u0131da yarasa t\u00fcr\u00fc aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7apraz enfeksiyon,\nmemeliler aras\u0131ndaki bula\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nleyen t\u00fcr bariyerini kolayl\u0131kla atlayabilen yeni\nvir\u00fcsler olu\u015fturabilir. Pteropodidae, Molossidae, Phyllostomidae ve\nVespertilionidae gibi baz\u0131 yarasa aileleri en s\u0131k bilinen insan patojenleri ile\nili\u015fkilidir. Bu vir\u00fcslerin ekolojisini daha iyi anlamak i\u00e7in yarasalar\u0131n\nsistematik bir \u015fekilde ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.\n\n\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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<\/figure>\n\n\n\nYarasalar\u0131n Ekosisteme ve T\u0131bbi Tedavilere Olan\nKatk\u0131s\u0131, Do\u011fada \u201cKilit Ta\u015f\u0131\u201d Olmalar\u0131n\u0131n Sebebi:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yarasalar\ngece u\u00e7an ve b\u00f6cekleri avlayan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir avc\u0131d\u0131r. Yarasalar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u0131da\nkaynaklar\u0131n\u0131; Chrysopidae ve Hemerobiidae ailesine ait b\u00f6cekler, Cockroach\nb\u00f6cekleri, Dictyopterous ve Dipterous b\u00f6cekleri ile sivrisinekler olu\u015fturur.\n\u00d6rne\u011fin; tek ba\u015f\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck kahverengi yarasa, bir gecede 3000 ile 7000 aras\u0131nda\nsivrisinek yiyebilir. Yarasalar b\u00fcy\u00fck pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131 ile y\u0131ll\u0131k olarak\nmilyonlar\u0131 a\u015fan orman ve tar\u0131m zararl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcketmek suretiyle m\u00fccadele\netmekte ve ekolojiye e\u015fsiz bir yarar sa\u011flamaktad\u0131rlar. Ya\u011fmur ormanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in de\nyarasalar, ya\u015famsal \u00f6neme sahiptirler. Yarasalar, bu b\u00f6lgedeki a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n\nyakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 95\u2019 inin polen ve tohumlar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yarak \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flarlar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Meyve\nyiyen yarasalar, 450 kadar ticari maddeyi ve 80 kadar ilac\u0131 insano\u011flunun\nhizmetine sunmaktad\u0131r. Danimarka\u2019da bir ila\u00e7 firmas\u0131 olan H.Lundbeck,\nyarasalar\u0131n bir t\u00fcr\u00fc olan vampir yarasan\u0131n t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden hemorajik inme ge\u00e7iren\nhastalar i\u00e7in ila\u00e7 \u00fcretmi\u015ftir. Vampir yarasan\u0131n t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde yer alan\n\u2018desmoteplase\u2019 maddesi fel\u00e7 olu\u015fumundan dokuz saat sonraya kadar etkisini\nkaybetmemektedir. Bu da ilac\u0131n, beyine giden atardamarlar\u0131n t\u0131kanmas\u0131 sonucu\nmeydana gelen fel\u00e7 vakalar\u0131n\u0131n tedavisinde ve fel\u00e7 riski olan hastalar\u0131n\nhastaneye ula\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli olan alt\u0131 saat zamanda etkili olabildi\u011fini\ng\u00f6stermektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin; son y\u0131llarda vampir yarasan\u0131n antikoag\u00fclan madde\ni\u00e7eren salyas\u0131ndan insanlarda arteriosklerozis hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan ve iyi\nsonu\u00e7lar al\u0131nan yeni bir ila\u00e7 da sentezlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
KAYNAK\u00c7A:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- Alp, H. (2009). Yarasalar\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri ve\nyarasalarla m\u00fccadele y\u00f6ntemleri.<\/li>
- Wong, S., Lau, S., Woo, P., & Yuen, K. Y.\n(2007). Bats as a continuing source of emerging infections in humans. Reviews\nin medical virology<\/em>, 17<\/em>(2), 67-91.<\/li>
- Poon, L. L. M., Chu, D. K. W., Chan, K. H.,\nWong, O. K., Ellis, T. M., Leung, Y. H. C., … & Guan, Y. (2005).\nIdentification of a novel coronavirus in bats. Journal of virology<\/em>, 79<\/em>(4),\n2001-2009.<\/li>
- Li, X., Geng, M., Peng, Y., Meng, L., & Lu,\nS. (2020). Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19. Journal\nof Pharmaceutical Analysis<\/em>.<\/li>
- https:\/\/ekog.org\/2020\/03\/24\/yarasalar\/<\/a><\/li>
- Shereen, M. A., Khan, S., Kazmi, A., Bashir,\nN., & Siddique, R. (2020). COVID-19 infection: origin, transmission, and\ncharacteristics of human coronaviruses. Journal of Advanced Research<\/em>.<\/li>
- Bennett, A. J., Bushmaker, T., Cameron, K.,\nOndzie, A., Niama, F. R., Parra, H. J., … & Goldberg, T. L. (2019).\nDiverse RNA viruses of arthropod origin in the blood of fruit bats suggest a\nlink between bat and arthropod viromes. Virology<\/em>, 528<\/em>,\n64-72.<\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Bu yaz\u0131da 2020 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n en \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan ve pop\u00fcler olan hayvan\u0131 yarasalar\u0131 t\u00fcm detaylar\u0131yla sizlere anlatmak istedim. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck (2.5 cm<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":147,"featured_media":5646,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[25,19],"tags":[693,743,744],"acf":[],"views":1620,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5639"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/147"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5639"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5639\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5655,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5639\/revisions\/5655"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5646"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5639"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5639"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5639"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
- Poon, L. L. M., Chu, D. K. W., Chan, K. H.,\nWong, O. K., Ellis, T. M., Leung, Y. H. C., … & Guan, Y. (2005).\nIdentification of a novel coronavirus in bats. Journal of virology<\/em>, 79<\/em>(4),\n2001-2009.<\/li>