{"id":5879,"date":"2020-06-06T19:08:59","date_gmt":"2020-06-06T16:08:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=5879"},"modified":"2020-06-06T19:09:01","modified_gmt":"2020-06-06T16:09:01","slug":"yuzun-yeniden-yapilandirilmasi-artistik-mi-anatomik-mi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/yuzun-yeniden-yapilandirilmasi-artistik-mi-anatomik-mi\/","title":{"rendered":"Y\u00dcZ\u00dcN YEN\u0130DEN YAPILANDIRILMASI: ART\u0130ST\u0130K M\u0130 ANATOM\u0130K M\u0130?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

   Y\u00fcz\u00fcn anatomisi ve do\u011fal yap\u0131s\u0131na uygun\nyeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar genel olarak iki temel alanda kullan\u0131l\u0131yor: adli\nara\u015ft\u0131rmalar ve arkeoloji. Adli t\u0131pta \u00f6l\u00fcm ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftikten sonra kimli\u011fi belli\nolmayan ki\u015filerin kimli\u011fini belirlemede yard\u0131mc\u0131 olurken arkeolojide zamanla\nb\u00f6cekler ve \u00e7e\u015fitli canl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck hasarlara u\u011fram\u0131\u015f iskelet\nkal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu tahmini y\u00fcz g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri olu\u015fturmada kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adli y\u00fcz\nantropolojisi \u00f6zellikle fazla say\u0131larda can kayb\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu felaketlerde\nkullan\u0131l\u0131yor fakat bunun pek de sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenemez \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu\nfelaketlerde ceset say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 yava\u015flayan kimlik belirleme\ni\u015flemlerinden dolay\u0131 y\u00fczde \u00e7e\u015fitli de\u011fi\u015fiklikler meydana gelebiliyor ya da\nfelaket s\u0131ras\u0131nda y\u00fcz o kadar hasar al\u0131yor ki kimse taraf\u0131ndan kimlik tam\nolarak belirlenemeyebiliyor. \u0130statiksel bir \u00f6rnek vermek gerekirse 12 Ekim\n2002\u2019de Bali\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bombal\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 sonucunda kadavralar\u0131n  %50\u2019sinin kimliklerinin yanl\u0131\u015f belirlendi\u011fi\nortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00fcz\nyeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n en temel arac\u0131 tan\u0131nmayacak durumdaki y\u00fcz\nkal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131ndan in vivo bir tahmini y\u00fcz olu\u015fturmakt\u0131r. Fakat bu yeniden\nyap\u0131land\u0131rman\u0131n kimlik belirlemede bir kan\u0131t de\u011fil bir ara\u00e7 oldu\u011funu vurgulamak\ngerekir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

   14 y\u00fcz kemi\u011fi ve 8 kraniyel olmak \u00fczere kafatas\u0131\ntoplam 22 kemikten olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fcme ve geli\u015fim s\u0131ras\u0131nda yumu\u015fak dokuda\nmeydana gelen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fiklikler bile y\u00fcz\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda\netkilemektedir. (Landau, 1989; Bruce & Young, 1998)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Artistik anatominin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 Gaetano Guilio Zumbo (1656-1701)nun\n\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcyen v\u00fccut par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 konu alan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla oldu. En \u00fcnl\u00fc eserlerinden\nbiri ger\u00e7ek bir kafatas\u0131 \u00fczerine balmumuyla kaslar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu olarak\ng\u00f6sterdi\u011fi eserdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski \u00e7a\u011flara ait kafataslar\u0131n\u0131n yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\nbi\u00e7imleri bilim insanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ele\u015ftiri topluyor. Bilim insanlar\u0131 yeniden\nyap\u0131land\u0131rman\u0131n \u00f6znel oldu\u011funu, sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n bir \u015feyler ekleyip\n\u00e7\u0131karabilece\u011fini ve sanat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n yetene\u011fine g\u00f6re uyu\u015fma oran\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015febilece\u011fini\nsavunuyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeniden yap\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f y\u00fcz\u00fcn ger\u00e7ek y\u00fcze uygun olmas\u0131 \u00f6zellikle\nadli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar ve buna dayal\u0131 davalar i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. E\u011fer yeniden\nyap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir y\u00fcz ve o y\u00fcze sahip ki\u015finin akrabalar\u0131 ya da tan\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131\nvarsa y\u00fcksek oranda do\u011fru e\u015fle\u015ftirmeler ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. Fakat yeniden\nyap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f y\u00fcz\u00fcn kimli\u011fini belirleyecek bir tan\u0131k yoksa e\u015fle\u015ftirmeler\nhangi oranla do\u011fru yap\u0131l\u0131r? Bu sorunun cevab\u0131n\u0131 merak eden Kemp ve arkada\u015flar\u0131\n1997 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir deney ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Belli say\u0131da yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\ny\u00fcz ve bu y\u00fczlerin as\u0131l sahibi olan insanlar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm \u00f6ncesi foto\u011fraflar\u0131n\u0131 vererek\ne\u015fle\u015ftirme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 istenmi\u015ftir. Deneyin sonucunda %10 kadar d\u00fc\u015fen e\u015flenme\ndo\u011frulu\u011fu g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015ftir. Arka plan ve y\u00fcz ekspresyonlar\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fim\nsonras\u0131nda ise bu oran daha da azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u015fekilde insanlar taraf\u0131ndan benzerli\u011fe bak\u0131larak tan\u0131 koyulan\ny\u00f6ntemin mant\u0131ks\u0131z oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Onun yerine y\u00fcz havuzu ve antropometri\ny\u00f6ntemlerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 tavsiye edilmi\u015ftir. Y\u00fcz havuzu daha \u00f6nce tahmin\nedilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f t\u00fcm y\u00fczlerin datas\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu bir bilgi havuzudur.\nCinsiyet, \u0131rk gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6zellikleri kullanarak y\u00fcz\u00fcn havuzdaki en yak\u0131n\noldu\u011fu di\u011fer y\u00fcz\u00fc bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Benzeyen y\u00fczleri de kendi i\u00e7inde benzeme\ny\u00fczdeli\u011fine g\u00f6re g\u00f6sterir. Antropometri y\u00f6ntemi ise bilgisayar CT tarama\ny\u00f6ntemiyle y\u00fcz\u00fc sanal olarak \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu olu\u015fturur. Bu taramalarda 2 mm gibi\nk\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hatalar g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. En \u00e7ok hatan\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerin kulaklar ve dudak\noldu\u011fu belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00fcz yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015fama ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir:\nanatomik modelleme, morfolojinin belirlenmesi ve sonucu halka sunma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1)Anatomik Modelleme:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fczdeki kaslar ve bunlar\u0131n ba\u011flan\u0131\u015flar\u0131 varyasyonlar\u0131\nortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara g\u00f6re kas hacmi ve aktivitesi kraniyel\nmorfolojiyi direkt olarak etkilemektedir. Temporalis kas ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 temporal\nkemi\u011fin y\u00fczeyinden g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Masseter kas\u0131n\u0131n inferior s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 \u00e7enede,\nzigomatik kas k\u00f6kenleri zigomatik kemiklerde g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Gerasimov\u2019un\ng\u00f6zlemlerine g\u00f6re yanak kemiklerinin a\u011f\u0131r ve birbirinden uzak oldu\u011fu durumlarda\nzygomaticus major ve minor kas k\u00f6kleri zigomatik kemi\u011fin kemi\u011fin anterior\ny\u00fczeyinde bulunurken tam tersi durumda kas k\u00f6kleri zigomatik kemi\u011fin lateral\ny\u00fczeyiyle ba\u011flant\u0131 yapar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2)Morfolojinin Belirlenmesi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6z morfolojisini belirlemede Whitnall ve Wolff\u2019un\nara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131rken burunda Gerasimov, dudakta Angel ve Gerasimov\ntaraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Deri ise genel datadan gelen\nbilgilerle tahmin edilmektedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc deride kesin bir sonuca varmak i\u00e7in\ng\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmesi ve bilinmesi gereken bir\u00e7ok kriter vard\u0131r ve genellikle de\nbunlar hakk\u0131nda bilgi yoktur. Bu kriterler i\u00e7erisinde ya\u015f, sigara i\u00e7me durumu,\nuyuma pozisyonu, g\u00fcne\u015f yan\u0131klar\u0131 ve daha bir\u00e7ok \u00f6rnek bulunmaktad\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7\nolarak en az\u0131ndan y\u00fcz\u00fcn %67\u2019si bilimsel temellere dayanarak modellenebilir.\nModellenmesi en zor olanlar dudak ve kulaklard\u0131r. G\u00f6zl\u00fck kullan\u0131m\u0131 ya da sa\u00e7 gibi\nfakt\u00f6rler de b\u00fcy\u00fck etkiler olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. a\u015fama olarak da toplanan bilgilerin halka sunulmas\u0131\nger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adli davalarda yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lan y\u00fcz\u00fcn ki\u015fiyle e\u015fle\u015fmesi\ngerekirken arkeolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda b\u00f6yle bir \u015fart aranmamaktad\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden\nkal\u0131nt\u0131lardan \u00e7\u0131kan bilgilerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda y\u00fcz\u00fc yeniden\nyap\u0131land\u0131ran ki\u015fi sa\u00e7, g\u00f6z rengi gibi baz\u0131 \u00f6zellikleri \u00f6znel bir bi\u00e7imde\nyans\u0131t\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antik M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da mumyalanm\u0131\u015f ve incelenebilecek bir\u00e7ok\nkafatas\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 kimyasal ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan hasar\ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Daha fazla zarara u\u011framamas\u0131 i\u00e7in bilgisayarla CT tarama y\u00f6ntemi\nkullanarak \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r. Hatta bazen mumyalarda\nkal\u0131nt\u0131 olarak bulunan sa\u00e7 gibi materyaller de g\u00f6rselle\u015ftirmede yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.\nArkeoloji kal\u0131nt\u0131lardan yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rman\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6rneklerinden ikisi\nGrauballe Man ve Clonycavan Man\u2019dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arkeolojik kaz\u0131larda bulunan baz\u0131 kafataslar\u0131nda ise yara ve\niyile\u015fme izleri bulunmu\u015ftur. Buna dayanarak bilimsel olarak y\u00fczde bir hasar ya\nda iz oldu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabiliriz. Yine de yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rma s\u0131ras\u0131nda bu\nyaran\u0131n izinin y\u00fcze uygulanmas\u0131 artistik farkl\u0131l\u0131klar ortaya \u00e7\u0131karabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kafatas\u0131ndan y\u00fcz\u00fcn yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla ilgili son\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan bir \u00f6rnek vermek gerekirse Alman besteci Johann Sebastian Bach\u2019\u0131n\nportresini \u00f6rnek verebiliriz. Kafatas\u0131 taramalar\u0131 ve Bach\u2019a ait portreye dayanarak\n\u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu olarak y\u00fcz yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0 Sonu\u00e7 olarak; artistik yetenekler kas sistemini ortaya koymak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilirken as\u0131l y\u00fczle anatomik uyumluluk sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda artistik eklemeleri i\u015fin i\u00e7ine dahil etmemek gerekmektedir. Y\u00fcz morfolojisi belirlenirken kulaklar ve dudak d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kesinlikle kan\u0131tlar kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r fakat dudak ve kulaklar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 bilimsel y\u00f6ntemlerle kesin sonuca ula\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan artistik yetenekler kullan\u0131labilir. Derinin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131nda ise genel data havuzuna paralel gitmek daha mant\u0131kl\u0131yken arkeolojik kaz\u0131larda bulunan kafataslar\u0131 i\u00e7in artistik eklemeler yap\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00fcz\u00fcn nas\u0131l yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ilgili bir video izlemek isterseniz t\u0131klayabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8d\/Woman_of_Naharon_-_timelapse_of_forensic_facial_reconstruction.ogv<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

KAYNAK\u00c7A VE \u0130LER\u0130 ARA\u015eTIRMA \u0130\u00c7\u0130N:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.crimemuseum.org\/crime-library\/forensic-investigation\/facial-reconstruction\/#:~:text=Facial%20reconstruction%20is%20a%20method,but%20it’s%20not%20a%20requirement.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/culture\/2019\/01\/facial-reconstruction-history-england-uk\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forensic_facial_reconstruction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20447245\/?from_term=face+anatomy&from_filter=simsearch2.ffrft&from_page=4&from_pos=4<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

   Y\u00fcz\u00fcn anatomisi ve do\u011fal yap\u0131s\u0131na uygun yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar genel olarak iki temel alanda kullan\u0131l\u0131yor: adli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar ve arkeoloji. Adli<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":194,"featured_media":5883,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"acf":[],"views":599,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5879"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/194"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5879"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5879\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5887,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5879\/revisions\/5887"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5883"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5879"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5879"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5879"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}