{"id":5996,"date":"2020-06-16T04:08:20","date_gmt":"2020-06-16T01:08:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=5996"},"modified":"2021-01-06T20:43:58","modified_gmt":"2021-01-06T17:43:58","slug":"viking-toplumu-ve-genetigi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/viking-toplumu-ve-genetigi\/","title":{"rendered":"Viking Toplumu ve Geneti\u011fi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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(Berserker, Viking sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131. G\u00f6rsel Kayna\u011f\u0131: Fotokvadrat\/Shutterstock<\/a>, ID: 1332569198)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Giri\u015f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pek \u00e7ok toplumu etkileyen\nve hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok\u00e7a s\u00f6ylenti yay\u0131lan Viking toplumunun sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ve barbar\nolduklar\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. Topraklar\u0131n\u0131n verimsizli\u011fi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ba\u015fka \u00fclkelere g\u00f6z\ndikmi\u015flerdir. \u00dc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 Viking grubu \u0130sve\u00e7, Norve\u00e7 ve Danimarka olmak \u00fczere\nfarkl\u0131 yerlerde ya\u015famaktad\u0131r ve hepsinin hedef sald\u0131r\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri farkl\u0131d\u0131r.\nDanimarka Vikingleri \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye, \u0130sve\u00e7 Vikingleri Balt\u0131k Denizi civar\u0131na ve\nNorve\u00e7 Vikingleri de \u0130zlanda, \u0130rlanda ve Gr\u00f6nland\u2019a gitmektedir. Bu toplumlarla\nilgili bilgi toplamak san\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar kolay de\u011fildir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Vikinglerle ilgili\nbilgilerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ancak ba\u015fka toplumlar\u0131n tarihlerini inceleyerek \u00f6\u011frenebiliriz.\nBunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, yap\u0131lan bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar da bilgi kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6kene bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda\nVikinglerin asl\u0131nda \u0130skandinav yar\u0131madas\u0131na do\u011fudan geldi\u011fi tespit edilmi\u015ftir.\nRus ve Azeri ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n Azerbaycan\u2019da yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda farkl\u0131 bulgulara\nrastlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eu an \u0130ran\u2019da bulunan Aturpaktan\u2019\u0131n Kafkas Albanlar\u0131yla M.\u00d6. 4.\ny\u00fczy\u0131lda birle\u015fti\u011fine dair kan\u0131tlar bulmu\u015flard\u0131r. Antik Albanlar\u2019a ait Alban\nkilisesi ve etraf\u0131ndaki toplu mezarlar incelenmi\u015f ve Norve\u00e7\u2019teki Kafkas Alban\nhalk\u0131n\u0131n eskiden bu b\u00f6lgede, Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n \u015eeki \u015fehrinde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit\nedilmi\u015ftir. Hristiyanl\u0131k gelmeden \u00f6nce burada ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n sar\u0131\u015f\u0131n ve\nbeyaz tenli olduklar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca \u00e7ok uzun boylu olduklar\u0131 da\ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr, \u00f6yle ki kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bile boyu 2.20 ile 2.30 metre aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.\nHazar Denizi k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda bir kayal\u0131kta resimler ke\u015ffedilmi\u015f ve bunlar\u0131n\nNorve\u00e7\u2019teki kaya resimleriyle ayn\u0131 oldu\u011fu bulunmu\u015ftur. \u0130kisinde de av sahnesi\nayn\u0131d\u0131r. Hazar Denizi k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki kaya \u00fcst\u00fc resimlerde avc\u0131 ve ekinci Norve\u00e7\ntayfas\u0131 vard\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Genetik Varyasyonlar<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vikinglerle ilgili en \u00e7ok\nbilgi bu toplumun son d\u00f6nemlerine aittir. \u00d6l\u00fc yakma gelene\u011fi DNA analizlerini\nzorla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ilk d\u00f6nemler hakk\u0131nda pek bilgi yoktur. Fakat yap\u0131lan bir\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada onuncu ve on ikinci y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019in Sigtuna kentinde\nya\u015fam\u0131\u015f 23 farkl\u0131 Vikingden al\u0131nan genomlar \u00e7e\u015fitlilik g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. \u00d6yle ki,\ng\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz ve demir \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 Orta ve Kuzey Avrupa\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini\na\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu da Kuzey Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n kentselle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinin g\u00f6\u00e7 yoluyla oldu\u011funu\ng\u00f6sterir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erken Orta\u00e7a\u011f d\u00f6neminde\nKuzey Avrupa kentselle\u015firken zenginle\u015fme \u00e7abalar\u0131 yan\u0131nda Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yayma\ngiri\u015fimleri de vard\u0131r. Sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131lda Vikinglerin kentselle\u015fme s\u00fcreci ticarete\nve gemi yap\u0131m\u0131na dayal\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6lgenin denizlerle \u00e7evrili olmas\u0131 ve toprak\nverimsizli\u011fi ancak bu iki faaliyeti m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131l\u0131yordu. San\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n aksine var\nolduklar\u0131 d\u00f6nem boyunca sadece i\u015fgal yapmam\u0131\u015f, ticarete de e\u011filmi\u015flerdir. \u0130lk\nkentselle\u015fme s\u00fcre\u00e7leri bu b\u00f6lgede Birka, Ribe, Hedeby ve Kaupang\u2019ta olmu\u015ftur. Di\u011fer\ntoplumlar da geni\u015fleme g\u00f6sterirken Do\u011fu ve Kuzeydo\u011fu Avrupa\u2019da \u00f6nemli merkezler\nolu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Bunlar aras\u0131nda Kiev, York, Schleswig, Lund ve Sigtuna yer al\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asl\u0131nda Vikinglerin n\u00fcfus\nhareketlerinin \u00e7o\u011fu sald\u0131r\u0131lardan olu\u015fur. Ele ge\u00e7irilen esirler ya k\u00f6le olarak\nkullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ya da sat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yetenekli ve sa\u011flam oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen yabanc\u0131\n\u00e7ocuklar sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 olarak yeti\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. \u0130zotop analizlerinde \u03b434S de\u011ferlerine\nbak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Birka\u2019da yak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ki\u015filerin baz\u0131lar\u0131 yabanc\u0131 k\u00f6kenli \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, Stronsiyum\nanalizleri de bunu do\u011frulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yanan bedenlerden neredeyse hi\u00e7 bilgi\nal\u0131namad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Erken Demir \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 (M.S. ? \u2013 M.S. 500?) ile ilgili Hristiyan\nkaynaklar\u0131ndan daha \u00e7ok bilgi al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sigtuna b\u00f6lgesi Vikingler i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli uluslararas\u0131 bir ileti\u015fim a\u011f\u0131 merkezidir. Resmi y\u00f6netimin bulundu\u011fu ve ayn\u0131 zamanda toplumlar\u0131na Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n girdi\u011fi yerdir. Hatta Hristiyan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131yan mezarl\u0131klar yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ge\u00e7 Viking \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 kasabalar\u0131nda g\u00f6\u00e7 hareketlerini anlayabilmek i\u00e7in mezarlara g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f 23 ki\u015finin Stronsiyum izotoplar\u0131n\u0131n oran\u0131na bak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (87S\/86S). Bir izotopun oran\u0131 belirli bir b\u00f6lgeye ait oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bu ki\u015filerin nereli oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131labilir ve hatta di\u015f minesi Stronsiyum oran\u0131ndan hayat hikayeleri belirlenebilir. Nitekim analizler sonucu \u00e7e\u015fitli izotop oranlar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ncelenen bedende di\u015f bulunamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde uzun kemiklere, metakarpallere ya da \u00e7ene kemi\u011fine de bak\u0131labilir. Antik DNA\u2019larda s\u0131kl\u0131kla olan kontaminasyon ve hasarl\u0131 par\u00e7alara bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada da rastlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mitokondri DNA\u2019s\u0131 ise y\u00fczde birden fazla bilgi sa\u011flamamaktad\u0131r. Fakat g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u0130skandinavya ve Avrupa\u2019s\u0131nda H, J ve U haplogruplar\u0131 mitokondriyal DNA\u2019da ortak bulunmaktad\u0131r. Yine ilgin\u00e7 bir bulgu, Y kromozomlar\u0131nda bulunan I ve N haplogruplar\u0131n\u0131n orta ve do\u011fu Avrupa kaynakl\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u0130sve\u00e7 ve Norve\u00e7\u2019inde bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermesine ra\u011fmen M.\u00d6. 3000\u2019lerde bir avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 \u0130sve\u00e7linin I2a ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gemi Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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(Viking gemisi drakkar<\/em>. G\u00f6rsel Kayna\u011f\u0131: paparazzza\/Shutterstock<\/a>, ID: 1307424457)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Gemi in\u015fa ederken\nkulland\u0131klar\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7lar \u00e7am ve me\u015fedir. Bataklardan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan gemi kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n\nincelenmesi sonucu ya\u015f halkalar\u0131ndan bu gemilerin ne zamana ait oldu\u011fu\ndendrokronolojik olarak bulunabilmektedir. A\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n gemilerde kullan\u0131lan bu\nb\u00f6lgesi \u00f6z odun olarak ge\u00e7mekte olup ilik ile yalanc\u0131 odun aras\u0131nda\nkalmaktad\u0131r. Bilgisayarl\u0131 tomografi (BT) ile ya\u015f halkalar\u0131 incelenerek daha\nkesin sonu\u00e7lar al\u0131nabilir. Fakat bu \u00e7ok maliyetli oldu\u011fundan geleneksel dendrokronoloji\ny\u00f6ntemi de tercih edilebilir. Ayr\u0131ca kal\u0131nt\u0131lar polietilen glikol i\u00e7eriyorsa BT\u2019de\nyanl\u0131\u015f sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131kabilir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dendrokronoloji y\u00f6ntemi\nkal\u0131nt\u0131lara m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca az zarar vermeyi ama\u00e7lar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, inceleme\ni\u00e7in geminin karakteristik \u00f6zelliklerini ta\u015f\u0131yan b\u00f6lgelerinden ziyade ba\u015fka\nyerleri kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r, geminin me\u015feden yap\u0131lan destek \u00e7er\u00e7eveleri yerine\n\u00e7amdan yap\u0131lan d\u00fcz tahtalar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu zamana kadar yap\u0131lan\nara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda anla\u015f\u0131lan o ki t\u00fcm Norve\u00e7 k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndaki batakl\u0131klar Viking tekne\nkal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ile dolu olabilir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u0131y\u0131 boyunca pek \u00e7ok yerde yeni kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\nbulunmu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vikinglerin tarih boyunca\nkulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 pek \u00e7ok gemi \u00e7e\u015fidi vard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Nydam gemileri M.S. 310-320\naras\u0131nda ve Oseberg gemileri M.S. 820\u2019lerde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kvalsund gemileri ise\nOseberg\u2019ten yirmi ile k\u0131rk y\u0131l aras\u0131 erken yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu gemiler Erken Demir\n\u00c7a\u011f\u0131 ile Viking D\u00f6nemi\u2019ni birle\u015ftirir. Viking \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olan M.S.\n800\u2019de Kvalsund\u2019ta k\u00fcrek \u00e7ekerek gemi kullan\u0131l\u0131rken M.S. 820\u2019de Oseberg\u2019le\nyelkene ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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(Viking gemisi. G\u00f6rsel Kayna\u011f\u0131: Zimneva Natalia\/Shutterstock<\/a>, ID: 492621133)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Shetelig ve Johannesen\n20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Norve\u00e7\u2019te \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin batakl\u0131kta buldu\u011fu gemi kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fczerine\nara\u015ft\u0131rma yapm\u0131\u015f ve kal\u0131nt\u0131dan iyi korunmu\u015f bir bot ile bir gemi\n\u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r, s\u0131rayla Kvalsund I ve Kvalsund II. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cinsiyet Anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve Sa\u011fl\u0131k Durumlar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kad\u0131n ve erkeklerin\n\u00e7izgisel di\u015f minesi hipoplazlar\u0131 (linear enamel hypoplasia \u2013 LEH) incelenerek\ntoplumdaki e\u015fitlik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilebilir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda iki bin y\u0131l\u0131\na\u015fk\u0131n s\u00fcre \u00f6nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f insanlar\u0131n bile sa\u011fl\u0131k durumlar\u0131 ve kad\u0131n-erkek\nbeslenme oran\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenilebilir. Bulgulara g\u00f6re Viking d\u00f6nemi ve geriye kalan\nOrta\u00e7a\u011f d\u00f6nemi boyunca kad\u0131nlar akraba ili\u015fkilerinde daha b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fere sahip\nolup di\u011fer \u00fclkelerdeki kad\u0131nlara k\u0131yasla daha sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r. Erkek ve kad\u0131n LEH oranlar\u0131\n\u0130skandinavya civar\u0131nda 0.8 iken Avrupa \u00fclkelerinde 1.2\u2019dir. Bu da g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\nAvrupa\u2019s\u0131nda bile cinsiyet e\u015fitli\u011fi tam sa\u011flanamam\u0131\u015fken \u0130skandinavlarda bunun\nsa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tarihi g\u00f6stergesidir. Oysaki kad\u0131nlar\u0131n da faaliyette bulundu\u011fu\n\u00fclkelerde ekonomik geli\u015fim daha fazlad\u0131r. Nitekim \u0130skandinavya\u2019da end\u00fcstri\n\u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemde ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen gelir \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u015fu anda \u0130skandinavya\nd\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zengin b\u00f6lgelerinden biridir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Viking d\u00f6neminde (8. \u2013\n11. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131) LEH\u2019lerin horizontal \u00e7ukur ya da ad\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnde \u00e7izgi\n\u015feklinde g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesi \u00e7ocukluk d\u00f6neminde yetersiz beslenme, hastal\u0131k ve stres sonucu\nolur. Ayr\u0131ca LEH ile femur uzunlu\u011fu da birbiriyle ili\u015fkilidir. Bu ba\u011flamda,\nkad\u0131nlar\u0131n erkeklere g\u00f6re daha iyi beslenmesi, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n LEH de\u011ferini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.\nViking toplumundaki bu anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n dini inan\u00e7lar\u0131ndaki Valkyrie denilen uzun\nboylu, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kad\u0131n imgelerinden geldi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Ancak bu\ntoplumda baba soyundan gelen mirasla ilgili bir bulguya rastlan\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tersine,\n\u0130skandinav kanunlar\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n miras hakk\u0131 korunmaktad\u0131r. En zengin cenaze\nt\u00f6renlerinin bir\u00e7o\u011fu kad\u0131nlar\u0131nkidir ve ya\u015flar\u0131 ilerledik\u00e7e toplum taraf\u0131ndan\ndaha \u00e7ok sayg\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcrler. Bunun yan\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar s\u0131\u011f\u0131r \u00e7ift\u00e7ili\u011fi yapar ve bu\naile gelirinin \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130skandinav k\u0131rsal\nkesimlerinde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n erkeklerden hep daha sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Fakat\nLund ve Sigtuna gibi kentlerde genelde erkekler daha sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r. Avrupa\n\u00fclkeleriyle k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0130skandinavya, k\u0131rsal kesimdeki kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\nerkeklerden sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 oldu\u011fu tek b\u00f6lgedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Viking K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vikinglerin di\u011fer \u00fclkelere\nyapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bask\u0131nlarda vazge\u00e7ilmez unsur k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lard\u0131r. K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131n incelenmesi,\nk\u0131l\u0131c\u0131n ait oldu\u011fu toplum hakk\u0131nda teknoloji ve ekonomik durum gibi \u00f6nemli\nbilgiler a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Asl\u0131nda bir toplum ne kadar \u00e7ok toplumla etkile\u015fime\ngirerse o kadar ekonomik ve teknolojik geli\u015fim g\u00f6sterir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Viking k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131 hem definlerde\nyak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olarak hem de nehirlerde bulunmu\u015ftur ve say\u0131lar\u0131 iki bini a\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\nHepsinde de kal\u0131n a\u015f\u0131nmalar g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n incelenip yorumlanmas\u0131\nmetallografi, taramal\u0131 elektron mikroskopisi (SEM) ve kabza incelemesi gibi y\u00f6ntemlerle\nolur. K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar, sahibi i\u00e7in bir otorite simgesidir, bundan dolay\u0131 babadan o\u011fula\nverilir ve nesilden nesile kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in d\u00f6nemin modas\u0131na g\u00f6re kabzas\u0131\nde\u011fi\u015ftirilir. Bu y\u00fczden bulunan k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131n kabzas\u0131 genelde keskin k\u0131s\u0131mdan yeni\nolur. Bunlar k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131n nerede yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, kabzas\u0131n\u0131n nerede de\u011fi\u015ftirildi\u011fi ve ne\nkadar s\u00fcre kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi verebilir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131r\u0131n\u0131m teknikleri\naras\u0131nda X-\u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 bulunur. Bu teknikte toz b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde par\u00e7alara bak\u0131l\u0131r ve k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131n\ny\u00fczey analizleri yap\u0131l\u0131r. N\u00f6tron k\u0131r\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 ise daha derine bakmak i\u00e7in\nkullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6ntemle k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 \u00fcst\u00fcnde pas bile olsa metali birka\u00e7 santimetre\nderine kadar incelenebilir. Eritme s\u00fcrecindeyse k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fi ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki\nkorunma durumu ile ilgili bilgi al\u0131n\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
(Soldan sa\u011fa \u0130sko\u00e7, Viking ve Avrupa k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131. G\u00f6rsel Kayna\u011f\u0131: Bourbon-88\/Shutterstock<\/a>, ID: 735845116)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0130skandinavya\u2019da farkl\u0131\nstat\u00fcye sahip ki\u015filere farkl\u0131 silahlar verilirdi. Kaliteli ve pahal\u0131 baltalar,\nm\u0131zraklar, k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar ve karg\u0131lar se\u00e7kin ki\u015filere ait olurdu. Fakat Vikingler sadece\nsava\u015f ve ya\u011fmada de\u011fil, ka\u015fiflik ve ticarette de iyidir. Kristof Kolomb\u2019a (15.\ny\u00fczy\u0131la) kadar hi\u00e7bir Avrupal\u0131, Vikingler kadar yolculu\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu\n\u015fekilde bir\u00e7ok ticaret yolu ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f ve yeni hammaddeler ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir. Pota\n\u00e7eli\u011fi (ing. wootz steel) bu hammedelerden biridir. Bu \u00e7elik, b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla\nOrta Asya \u00fclkelerinin bir ticaret yolunu s\u00f6m\u00fcrerek ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Vikinglere satt\u0131\u011f\u0131\n\u00f6nemli bir malzemeydi, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu hiper\u00f6tektoid y\u00fcksek karbonlu \u00e7elikten yap\u0131lan\nUlfberht k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131 \u00fcn sal\u0131nca \u0130skandinav demirciler sahtesini \u00fcretmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar.\nBu k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131n M.S. 800\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llarda yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin ediliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa\u2019daysa demir hala\nk\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ocaklarda demir cevherinin ve k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131yla elde ediliyordu. Bu\na\u015famadan sonra i\u015flenmemi\u015f demir, erime s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na (1538\u00b0C\u2019a) ula\u015fmadan metalik\ndemire indirgenirdi. Bu c\u00fcruf i\u00e7eren demirin son hale gelmesi i\u00e7in rafine\nedilmesi ve ba\u015fka y\u00f6ntemlerin de uygulanmas\u0131 gerekirdi. Elde edilen demirin pota\n\u00e7eli\u011fine k\u0131yasla homojen bir karbon i\u00e7eri\u011fi yoktur ve bu \u00f6zelli\u011fi k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 i\u00e7in dezavantajd\u0131r.\nYap\u0131lan k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar \u00e7ift tarafl\u0131 ve 1 m uzunlu\u011fundad\u0131r. Modele cila ve oyma\ni\u015flemleri yap\u0131l\u0131rken ringa kemi\u011fi kullan\u0131labilir. Belirli bir kal\u0131ba g\u00f6re\nyap\u0131lan k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7larda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ya da y\u00fcksek miktarda fosforik demir kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bunlar\nrenk fark\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Viking k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 tipleri. G\u00f6rsel Kayna\u011f\u0131: John Erickson\/Shutterstock<\/a>, ID: 122934421)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Vikinglerde k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131n\nsertle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan y\u00f6ntemlerden biri karb\u00fcrasyondur (karbonlamad\u0131r). K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7\ni\u00e7eri\u011findeki demirin karbonla kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan dendrit ad\u0131 verilen kristal yap\u0131lar\nolu\u015fur. Pota \u00e7eli\u011finin bu kristal yap\u0131s\u0131, k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131n mekanik \u00f6zelliklerini\nbelirleyen en \u00f6nemli fakt\u00f6rd\u00fcr. Karbon, demiri sertle\u015ftirip k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131n daha stabil\nve dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. K\u0131l\u0131c\u0131n bile\u015fimi, mikro yap\u0131s\u0131 ve gerilimi INES,\n3T-2 ve POLDI n\u00f6tron sa\u00e7ma cihazlar\u0131 ile incelenir. INES ve 3T-2 tanecik boyutunu,\ndokusunu ve tip III gerilimini inceler. POLDI ise makro gerilimi inceler. \u00dc\u00e7\nk\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 \u00e7e\u015fidi olan C6871, D2335 ve C6375 k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda C6871\u2019in mineral\ny\u00fczdesi en fazlad\u0131r, karbon y\u00fczdesi ise en azd\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Danimarka’da \u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lan Organik Yemek Kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDanimarka\u2019da bulunan Viking d\u00f6nemine ait latrinalarda\n(tuvaletlerde) farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerden yemek kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 bulunmu\u015ftur. Bunlar aras\u0131nda\negzotik yemek kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 da vard\u0131r. Salatal\u0131k, ravent, hayvan kemikleri ve\npolenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra turun\u00e7giller ve karanfil de yer al\u0131r. B\u00f6yle \u00e7e\u015fitli\nkal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 Vikinglerin yeni ticaret yollar\u0131 kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.\n\u0130\u00e7erikteki polen \u00e7e\u015fitleri, turun\u00e7gil ve karanfil daha g\u00fcneye de seyahat\nettikleri anlam\u0131na gelir.\n\n\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Latrinan\u0131n ana\nbile\u015fenleri tah\u0131l ve ettir. Baharat \u00e7e\u015fitleri, t\u0131bbi ama\u00e7l\u0131 kullan\u0131lan bitkiler,\nf\u0131nd\u0131k kabuklar\u0131 ve bal da bulunmu\u015ftur. \u0130ncir ise incelenen 15 latrinadan\nsadece ikisinde bulunmu\u015ftur. \u015eerbet\u00e7iotu, nane, \u00e7ilek ve dereotu %50\u2019den fazla\nlatrinada bask\u0131n olarak tohum \u015feklinde bulunur, m\u00fcrver ve keten ise %60\u2019tan\nfazlas\u0131nda yine tohum \u015feklinde bulunur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yemeklerinde t\u00fcketilen ve\nt\u00fcketilmeyen hayvan kemikleri bulunur. Ringa gibi bal\u0131klar\u0131n kemikleri t\u00fcketilirken\nkoyun ya da domuz gibi hayvanlar\u0131n kemikleri at\u0131l\u0131r. Ama latrinalar\nincelendi\u011finde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sonu\u00e7lar Vikinglerin bal\u0131ktan \u00e7ok et t\u00fcketti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Yaln\u0131zca\nkemik i\u00e7eri\u011fine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda en \u00e7ok bal\u0131k kemikleri bulunur. Morina bal\u0131\u011f\u0131,\ny\u0131lan bal\u0131\u011f\u0131, pisi bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve mezgit de g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Muhtemelen kaz ve g\u00fcvercin\nde yemekleri aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bilgi Kaynak\u00e7as\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. ScienceDirect. Nordeide, S\u00e6bj\u00f8rg Walaker. Bonde, Niels. Thun, Terje. \u201cAt the threshold of the Viking Age: New dendrochronological dates for the Kvalsund ship and boat bog offerings (Norway)\u201d Journal of Archeological Science: Reports<\/em>. (29), \u015eubat 2020. <\/li>
  2. ScienceDirect. Buckwalter, Laura Maravall. Baten, Joerg. \u201cValkyries: Was gender equality high in the Scandinavian periphery since Viking times? Evidence from enamel hypoplasia and height ratios\u201d Economics & Human Biology<\/em>. 181-193:(34), A\u011fustos 2019. <\/li>
  3. ScienceDirect. Fedrigo, Anna. Grazzi, Francesco. Williams, Alan R.. Panzner, Tobias. Lefmann, Kim. Lindelof, Poul Erik. J\u00f8rgensen, Lars. Pentz, Peter. Scherillo, Antonella. Porcher, Florence. Strobl, Markus. \u201cExtraction of archaeological information from metallic artefacts\u2014A neutron diffraction study on Viking swords\u201d Journal of Archeological Science: Reports<\/em>. 425-436:(12), Nisan 2017. <\/li>
  4. ScienceDirect. Hald, Mette Marie. Magnussen, Betina. Appel, Liv. Christensen, Jakob Tue. Hansen, Camilla Haarby. Henriksen, Peter Steen. Langkilde, Jesper. Pedersen, Kristoffer Buck. Knudsen, Allan D\u00f8rup. Mortensen, Morten Fischer.  \u201cFragments of meals in eastern Denmark from the Viking Age to the Renaissance: New evidence from organic remains in latrines\u201d Journal of Archeological Science: Reports<\/em>. (31), Haziran 2020. <\/li>
  5. ScienceDirect. Krzewinska, Maja. Kjellstr\u00f6m, Anna. G\u00fcnther, Torsten. Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte. Zachrisson, Torun. Omrak, Ay\u00e7a. Yaka, Reyhan. K\u0131l\u0131n\u00e7, G\u00fcl\u015fah Merve. Somel, Mehmet. Sobrado, Veronica. Evans, Jane. Knipper, Korina. Jakobsson, Mattias.  Stora, Jan. G\u00f6therstr\u00f6m, Anders. \u201cGenomic and Strontium Isotope Variation Reveal Immigration Patterns in a Viking Age Town\u201d Current Biology. <\/em>(28):17. 2730-2738. 10.09.2018. <\/li>
  6. ScienceDirect. Marshall, Michael. \u201cOrigins of the Vikings\u201d NewScientist. <\/em>(243):3241. Syf. 10, 03.08.2019. <\/li>
  7. Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi. Akda\u015f, G\u00fcrb\u00fcz. \u201cGobustan\u2019da Viking \u0130zleri: Norve\u00e7 ve Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n Ortak Tarihi\u201d. <\/li>
  8. Science Ideas Web. Harvey-Chadwick, Terry. \u201cVikings\u201d Royal Society of Chemistry. Millgate House Education. <\/em>2010-2019. <\/li>
  9. Bowdoin Journal of Art. Cui, Alina. \u201cThe Ulfberht Sword (On Loan from Laird Landmann)\u201d The University of Chicago. <\/em>2020. <\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    G\u00f6rsel Kaynak\u00e7as\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. paparazzza\/Shutterstock<\/a>, ID: 1307424457<\/li>
    2. Zimneva Natalia\/Shutterstock<\/a>, ID: 492621133<\/li>
    3. Bourbon-88\/Shutterstock<\/a>, ID: 735845116<\/li>
    4. John Erickson\/Shutterstock<\/a>, ID: 122934421<\/li>
    5. Fotokvadrat\/Shutterstock<\/a>, ID: 1332569198<\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Giri\u015f Pek \u00e7ok toplumu etkileyen ve hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok\u00e7a s\u00f6ylenti yay\u0131lan Viking toplumunun sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ve barbar olduklar\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. Topraklar\u0131n\u0131n verimsizli\u011fi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":267,"featured_media":6007,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1,25],"tags":[852,844,827,875,866,839,889,881,636,856,73,74,894,893,861,858,849,869,870,862,864,833,834,874,637,859,857,835,274,739,865,863,890,829,149,115,810,853,837,659,892,850,92,887,851,836,781,832,848,621,838,828,888,882,880,845,872,891,884,76,877,883,840,831,879,885,860,265,504,847,876,559,873,841,855,871,886,842,843,780,878,75,867],"acf":[],"views":3311,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5996"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/267"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5996"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5996\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9400,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5996\/revisions\/9400"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6007"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5996"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5996"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5996"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}