{"id":6075,"date":"2020-06-19T17:35:27","date_gmt":"2020-06-19T14:35:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=6075"},"modified":"2020-06-19T17:35:30","modified_gmt":"2020-06-19T14:35:30","slug":"rosalind-franklin-gelistirdigi-x-isinlari-kirinim-yontemi-sayesinde-dnanin-sarmal-yapisinin-anlasilmasina-buyuk-katkisi-olan-bilim-insani","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/rosalind-franklin-gelistirdigi-x-isinlari-kirinim-yontemi-sayesinde-dnanin-sarmal-yapisinin-anlasilmasina-buyuk-katkisi-olan-bilim-insani\/","title":{"rendered":"ROSALIND FRANKLIN- GEL\u0130\u015eT\u0130RD\u0130\u011e\u0130 X I\u015eINLARI KIRINIM Y\u00d6NTEM\u0130 SAYES\u0130NDE, DNA\u2019NIN SARMAL YAPISININ ANLA\u015eILMASINA B\u00dcY\u00dcK KATKISI OLAN B\u0130L\u0130M \u0130NSANI"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

ROSALIND FRANKLIN K\u0130MD\u0130R?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rosalind Elsie Franklin, DNA, vir\u00fcs, k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve grafitin yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n\nanla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131lar\u0131 olan, \u0130ngiliz Biyofizik\u00e7i ve\nKristallograf\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r*. K\u00f6m\u00fcr ve vir\u00fcslerle ilgili eserleri, hayat\u0131 boyunca takdir\nedilmesine ra\u011fmen, DNA yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015ffine dair \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda\n\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra fark edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Franklin’in tan\u0131nmas\u0131nda d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olan, yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu X\n\u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hipotezlerdir. Bunlardan sonra en\nbilinen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ise Polio<\/em> ve Mozaik<\/em> Vir\u00fcsleri \u00fczerine yapt\u0131klar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

_______________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*= minerallerin \u015fekillerini ve i\u00e7 yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen bilim insan\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

HAYATI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rosalind Elsie Franklin, 25 Temmuz 1920 tarihinde Londra\u2019da d\u00fcnyaya gelir. O d\u00f6nemde \u0130ngiltere\u2019de bulunan k\u0131z okullar\u0131 i\u00e7inde, Fizik ve Kimya e\u011fitimi veren say\u0131l\u0131 okullardan biri olan, St. Paul\u2019s Girls School<\/em>\u2019da e\u011fitim al\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131yla, hep \u00f6n planda olur. Rosalind, 15 ya\u015f\u0131na geldi\u011finde gelecekte ne olaca\u011f\u0131na dair fikri kesinle\u015fmi\u015ftir art\u0131k, bilim insan\u0131 olmak ister. Babas\u0131 bu fikre kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, o d\u00f6nemde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n end\u00fcstri alan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 uygun g\u00f6r\u00fclmez. Rosalind,\u00a0 karar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7mez ve babas\u0131n\u0131 ikna etmeyi ba\u015far\u0131r. Babas\u0131n\u0131n izin vermesinin ard\u0131ndan Rosalind Franklin, 1938 y\u0131l\u0131nda Cambridge\u2019de bulunan Newham Koleji<\/em>\u2019ne girer. Bu okulda Fiziksel Kimya e\u011fitimini tamamlar ve 1941 y\u0131l\u0131nda mezun olur. Mezun oldu\u011fu y\u0131l, okulun mezunlar derne\u011finde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flar. Bir y\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra mezunlar derne\u011finden ayr\u0131l\u0131p “\u0130ngiliz K\u00f6m\u00fcr De\u011ferlendirme Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Birli\u011fi”<\/em>ne girer. Burada k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn so\u011furma \u00f6zellikleriyle ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda yer al\u0131r. K\u00f6m\u00fcr ve grafitin yap\u0131s\u0131yla ilgili yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ileride yapaca\u011f\u0131 doktora e\u011fitiminin temelini olu\u015fturur. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6zveriyle devam eder ve 1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda Cambridge \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Fiziksel Kimya dal\u0131nda doktora derecesini al\u0131r. Rosalind Franklin, Cambridge\u2019de ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi y\u0131llar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Fransa\u2019ya gelir. 1947-1950 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Paris\u2019te Jascues Mering ile birlikte Devlet Kimya Hizmetleri Merkez Laboratuvar\u0131<\/em>\u2019nda X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 y\u00f6ntemi \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda yer al\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6ntem ile bir maddenin atomlar\u0131na X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 ile bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda onlar\u0131n kristal yap\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclebiliyor. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan yola \u00e7\u0131karak, \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lan karbonlarda, grafit olu\u015fumundan kaynaklanan yap\u0131sal de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve de\u011ferli bulgular elde eder. Bu bulgular, kok k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc sanayii ve atom teknolojisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011ferlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DNA YAPISIYLA \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 \u00c7ALI\u015eMALARI <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rosalind Franklin, 1951 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye geri d\u00f6ner. Londra\u2019da Kings Collage<\/em>\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 Biyofizik Laboratuvar\u0131’nda John Randall ile beraber \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Randall, Franklin\u2019den DNA yap\u0131s\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikleri \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ister.\u00a0 Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrken, ileride Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc alacak olan Maurice Wilkins ile tan\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Wilkins de Franklin gibi DNA\u2019n\u0131n X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir bilim insan\u0131d\u0131r. Rosalind Franklin, burada Fransa\u2019da \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fi X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131n\u0131m y\u00f6nteminden yararlanarak DNA\u2019n\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu, sarmal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve ba\u015fka \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelliklerini saptam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O d\u00f6nemde bilimde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6n planda olmamam sebebi erkeklerin kad\u0131nlara \u00f6nyarg\u0131yla bakmas\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r. Bu durum, e\u015f pozisyonlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Franklin ile Wilkins aras\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli bir gerginli\u011fe sebep olur. DNA \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, ayr\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma gruplar\u0131nda yer alan, Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins ve Raymond Gosling taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. DNA\u2019n\u0131n iki formu oldu\u011fu, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonucunda ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir. Bu iki formlu yap\u0131, DNA\u2019n\u0131n sarmal yap\u0131s\u0131na dair ilk ipu\u00e7lar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te Franklin, X-ray y\u00f6ntemi ile DNA foto\u011fraflar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7eker. Franklin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na h\u0131z kesmeden devam ederken, ayn\u0131 tarihlerde, James Watson ve Francis Crick de Cambridge \u00dcniversite\u2019nde DNA\u2019n\u0131n teorik modeli \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. 1953 Ocak ay\u0131nda, James Watson, fikir al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi i\u00e7in, Pauling\u2019in yanl\u0131\u015f \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sarmal yap\u0131l\u0131 DNA modeli ile Rosalind\u2019in yan\u0131na gelir. Rosalind ile tart\u0131\u015fma ya\u015farlar ve bu tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n \u00fczerine, Watson Wilkins\u2019in yan\u0131na gider. Wilkins, izin almadan Franklin\u2019in \u00e7ekti\u011fi \u201c51.foto\u011fraf \u201c isimli DNA foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131 Watson\u2019a g\u00f6sterir. Bu foto\u011fraftan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bilgiler elde etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Franklin’in 1952 May\u0131s ay\u0131nda \u00e7ekmi\u015f oldu\u011fu \u00fcnl\u00fc 51.foto\u011fraf<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rosalind Franklin, 1953-1958 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na Londra\u2019daki Brickbeck Laboratuvarlar\u0131\u2019nda devam eder. Buradaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fct\u00fcn mozaik vir\u00fcs\u00fc \u00fczerine yapar. Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmada RNA’n\u0131n, vir\u00fcs\u00fcn ortas\u0131ndaki bo\u015flukta de\u011fil, protein b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu ve tek kollu sarmal oldu\u011fu belirtilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NOBEL \u00d6D\u00dcL\u00dc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

DNA sarmal\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan yararlanan James\nWatson ve Francis Crick, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck eden ki\u015fi olan Franklin\u2019den \u00e7ok\nWilkins\u2019in ad\u0131n\u0131 anm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

1962 y\u0131l\u0131nda Watson, Crick ve Wilkins DNA\u2019n\u0131n ikili sarmal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmalar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc ald\u0131klar\u0131nda Franklin\u2019in ad\u0131n\u0131 bile anmad\u0131lar. Baz\u0131 \u00e7evreler Franklin\u2019in emeklerine haks\u0131zl\u0131k yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bug\u00fcn bilim \u00e7evreleri, DNA \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00fczerine Franklin\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131lar\u0131 oldu\u011funu kabul ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6L\u00dcM\u00dc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rosalind Franklin, 1956 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n yaz aylar\u0131nda kanser oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frenir. Franklin, kanser tedavisi g\u00f6r\u00fcrken ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam etmi\u015ftir. 1957 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7ocuk felci vir\u00fcs\u00fc \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve bunun i\u00e7in Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri, Ulusal Sa\u011fl\u0131k Enstit\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn Halk Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Servisi’ne fon sa\u011flar. Franklin, 1957 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonunda tekrar hasta olur ve Royal Marslen Hastanesi’ne yat\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. 2 Aral\u0131k\u2019ta vasiyetini haz\u0131rlar. Mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 birka\u00e7 arkada\u015f\u0131na ve geri kalan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 hay\u0131r kurumlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar.1958 Ocak ay\u0131nda i\u015fine geri d\u00f6ner ve 25 \u015eubat\u2019ta Research Associate in Biophysics\u2019e terfi eder. 30 Mart\u2019ta hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 tekrar eder ve 16 Nisan 1958\u2019de yumurtal\u0131k kanserinden dolay\u0131 hayata g\u00f6zlerini yumar. X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131na \u00e7ok fazla maruz kalmas\u0131n\u0131n kanser olmas\u0131na sebep oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1) Rosalind Franklin Kimdir? Google Doddle, Hayat\u0131, Eserleri\nBiyografisi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  Son g\u00fcncelleme:25\nTemmuz 2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.egitimsistem.com\/rosalind-franklin-kimdir-google-doodle-hayati-eserleri-biyografisi-19916h.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2) Rosalind Franklin Kimdir<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son g\u00fcncelleme:1 Kas\u0131m 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rosalind Franklin Kimdir<\/a><\/blockquote>