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Mevcut literat\u00fcr Galen\u2019 in tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 metninin h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu klasik d\u00f6nemde anatomide resimlerin kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. On birinci y\u00fczy\u0131ldan on be\u015finci y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar uzanan s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda ilk ba\u015flarda v\u00fccuttaki par\u00e7alar\u0131, organlar\u0131 ve sistemleri temsil eden analitik model kullan\u0131l\u0131rken sonlara do\u011fru insan v\u00fccudunu bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak ele alan kompozit modele do\u011fru bir y\u00f6nelim oldu. Anatomide ill\u00fcstrasyonlar, ilk kez Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Andreas Vesalius\u2019 un anatomik detaylar\u0131n aktar\u0131lmas\u0131nda vazge\u00e7ilmez bir ara\u00e7 haline getirdi\u011fi ill\u00fcstrasyonlar, R\u00f6nesans d\u00f6neminde daha da geli\u015fti. R\u00f6nesans d\u00f6neminin sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Hieronymus Fabricius ba\u015flarda yayg\u0131n olan anatomik \u00e7izimlerin canland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
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https:\/\/wellcomecollection.org\/works\/a6tuw7xg<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
On yedi ile on sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda ise analitik modelden kompozit modele do\u011fru olan y\u00f6nelim tersine d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Bu y\u00f6nelime k\u0131saca de\u011finmek gerekirse ilk ba\u015flarda anatomistler \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda sanat\u00e7\u0131lardan yard\u0131m isterken sonlara do\u011fru sanat\u00e7\u0131lar anatomistlerden \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 teyit etmek i\u00e7in yard\u0131m istediler. Daha sonra; on sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki anatomik sanat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, detaylar\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015f \u00fcnl\u00fc anatomistlerin bireysel stilleri ile karakterizedir. On dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131la gelindi\u011finde Henry Gray, anatomik ba\u015fyap\u0131t\u0131nda herhangi bir sanatsal stil kullanmadan anatomik yap\u0131lar\u0131 tasvir etmeye odakland\u0131. Yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren geli\u015fen bilgisayar teknolojisi ve ileri yaz\u0131l\u0131m sistemleri sayesinde elde edilen t\u0131bbi g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc ve foto\u011fraflar geleneksel el yap\u0131m\u0131 anatomik ill\u00fcstrasyonlar\u0131 tamamlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131 ise anatomik resimlerin geli\u015fiminde olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131. Nitelikli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda bulunmu\u015f ve bir\u00e7o\u011fumuzun anatomi kitaplar\u0131ndan ismine a\u015fina oldu\u011fumuz Frank H. Netter de i\u015fte tam olarak bu d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fad\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Netter hem doktor hem de bir ressamd\u0131. Ulusal Tasar\u0131m Akademisini bitirdikten sonra New York T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesinde okudu. Bir m\u00fcddet hastanede \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra fark etti ki samur f\u0131r\u00e7as\u0131na ne\u015fterden daha fazla talep vard\u0131. K\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra sanat becerisini t\u0131p alan\u0131na uyarlayarak t\u0131bbi ill\u00fcstrasyonlar yapmak i\u00e7in kendini prati\u011fe kapatt\u0131. \u00c7e\u015fitli ila\u00e7 firmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u2018\u2019Klinik Sempozyumlar\u2019\u2019 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda kitap\u00e7\u0131klar yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Daha sonra bunlar\u0131 daha sistematik bir hale getirerek; insan organizmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve hastal\u0131kl\u0131 bi\u00e7imleriyle tasvir eden, 200\u2019den fazla monografi ve resim i\u00e7eren g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de bir\u00e7ok t\u0131p fak\u00fcltesi \u00f6\u011frencisinin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130nsan Anatomisi Atlas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 bizlere sundu. Netter\u2019in sanat\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131ndan ay\u0131ran bir husus da hasta portreleridir. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerle, yaln\u0131z t\u0131bbi bir durumu ifade etmekle kalmay\u0131p ayn\u0131 zamanda insanlar\u0131n tamir etti\u011fimiz makineler olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na; ya\u015fayan, nefes alan varl\u0131klar oldu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7ekti. \u00c7ocuk portrelerini de \u00f6zellikle dokunakl\u0131 ve savunmas\u0131z k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hastalara kar\u015f\u0131 kurdu\u011fu empatisine parmak basmak maksad\u0131yla resmetti. Netter \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir zaman bilgisayar kullanmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen ill\u00fcstrasyon olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in yeni bir ortam ve reprod\u00fcksiyon yapma y\u00f6ntemi olarak sunulan teknolojinin potansiyelini kabul etti. Nihayetinde y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyu s\u00fcregelen bu ser\u00fcven; yirmi birinci y\u00fczy\u0131la geldi\u011fimizde anatominin \u00f6\u011frenilmesi ve \u00f6\u011fretilmesi i\u00e7in yenilik\u00e7i formatlarda kullan\u0131lan yeni nesil 3D g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcl\u00fc veri setleriyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Netter\u2019in de dedi\u011fi gibi: \u2018\u2019Tabii ki anatomi de\u011fi\u015fmiyor ama anatomiyi ve klinik \u00f6nemini anlamam\u0131z anatomik terminoloji gibi de\u011fi\u015fiyor.\u2019\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00fcm bu y\u00f6nelimler neticesinde; anatomik ill\u00fcstrasyon, y\u00fcksek bir hassasiyet seviyesine ula\u015ft\u0131. On yedi ile on sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131l aras\u0131ndaki d\u00f6nemin bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi de \u2018\u2019La Specola\u2019\u2019 Zooloji M\u00fczesi\u2019nin anatomik balmumu modelleri koleksiyonunun olu\u015fmas\u0131na \u015fahit olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu m\u00fczedeki resimlerin \u00e7o\u011fu insan anatomisi ile ilgiliyken kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 anatomiye dair olanlara da rastlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Her biri bir veya daha fazla a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 levhalar ile birlikte sunulurken as\u0131l \u00e7izili\u015f ama\u00e7lar\u0131, balmumu modellerin a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmakt\u0131r. Anatomik balmumu koleksiyonlar\u0131 antik ihti\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 koruyarak y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca iyi bir bi\u00e7imde muhafaza edilmi\u015ftir. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lmaya devam edilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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KAYNAK\u00c7A: <\/p>\n\n\n\n
- American Association for Anatomy. ”Evolution of illustrations in anatomy: A study from the classical period in Europe to modern times.” (Last update: 22 July 2014) https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/ase.1479<\/a><\/li>
- Edinburgh University Press. ”Illustrations of the anatomical wax model collection in the \u201cLa Specola\u201d Zoology Museum, Florence.” (Last Update: 1 August 2018) https:\/\/www.euppublishing.com\/doi\/citedby\/10.3366\/anh.2006.33.2.232<\/a><\/li>
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. ”Frank H. Netter MD and a Brief History of Medical Illustration.” (Last Update: 17 January 2014) https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3916597<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Hepimizin bildi\u011fi gibi; \u00e7izimler, anatomi \u00f6\u011freniminin kilit noktas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bununla birlikte; anatomik ill\u00fcstrasyon, mevcut stat\u00fcye ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyu s\u00fcregelen<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":339,"featured_media":6346,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1,25,6],"tags":[567,543,76,701,552,265,616,66,34],"acf":[],"views":917,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6332"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/339"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6332"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6332\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6376,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6332\/revisions\/6376"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6346"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6332"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6332"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6332"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
- Edinburgh University Press. ”Illustrations of the anatomical wax model collection in the \u201cLa Specola\u201d Zoology Museum, Florence.” (Last Update: 1 August 2018) https:\/\/www.euppublishing.com\/doi\/citedby\/10.3366\/anh.2006.33.2.232<\/a><\/li>