{"id":6530,"date":"2020-07-25T16:43:21","date_gmt":"2020-07-25T13:43:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=6530"},"modified":"2021-01-20T23:16:05","modified_gmt":"2021-01-20T20:16:05","slug":"j-s-bachin-gozleri-john-taylor-ve-katarakt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/j-s-bachin-gozleri-john-taylor-ve-katarakt\/","title":{"rendered":"J.S.Bach’\u0131n G\u00f6zleri, John Taylor ve Katarakt"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

1<\/strong>685 y\u0131l\u0131nda Eisanach\u2019ta do\u011fan Johann Sebastian Bach\u2019\u0131 en genel ifadeyle Alman Barok besteci olarak tan\u0131mlayabiliriz. J.S.Bach yarat\u0131c\u0131 olma kayg\u0131s\u0131 g\u00fctm\u00fcyordu. Kendisinden \u00f6nce bestelenmi\u015f olan yap\u0131tlar\u0131 al\u00e7akg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcl\u00fckle analiz edip toparlad\u0131 ve bunun sonucunda da, \u201cM\u00fczi\u011fin O\u011flu\u201c s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden yakla\u015f\u0131k iki y\u00fcz y\u0131l sonra Otto von Bismarck\u2019\u0131n Katolikli\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u201cAlmanla\u015fma\u201d politikas\u0131nda s\u0131k\u00e7a sorulan, \u201cAlman kimdir ?\u201d sorusunun devam\u0131 olan, \u201cAlman m\u00fczi\u011fi nedir ?\u201d sorusunun yan\u0131t\u0131 J.S.Bach\u2019\u0131n eserlerinde bulunmu\u015f, asl\u0131nda sars\u0131lmaz \u00fcn\u00fcne de bu d\u00f6nemde kavu\u015farak en sonunda, \u201cM\u00fczi\u011fin Babas\u0131 \u201d \u00fcnvan\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Johann Sebastian Bach
G\u00f6rsel:Wikimedia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

                        <\/p>\n\n\n\n

J.S. Bach gen\u00e7 ya\u015flar\u0131ndan beri g\u00f6z sorunlar\u0131ndan muzdaripti. Analistler, Bach\u2019\u0131n altm\u0131\u015f bir ya\u015f\u0131ndayken E.G. Haussmann taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan resminden, Bach\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6z sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve genel durumu ile ilgili baz\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar. Bach\u2019\u0131n din\u00e7 fakat obeze yak\u0131n bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc oldu\u011fu \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k, ayn\u0131 resimde hafif \u015fa\u015f\u0131 bir ifade ve k\u0131s\u0131lm\u0131\u015f gibi duran g\u00f6zleri de fark edilebiliyor. Resimde, burun kenar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerindeki dikey \u00e7izgiler, (Miyopi Yunanca, \u201cs\u0131kma\u201c s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden gelmektedir.) onun miyop oldu\u011funa i\u015faret ediyor ve tabii ki resimde ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 g\u00f6z kapa\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de net \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Miyop olmas\u0131, ilk \u00f6\u011frencilik y\u0131llar\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n en \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkan\u0131 olmas\u0131 ve \u00e7ok okumas\u0131na yoruluyor. Muhtemelen Bach d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck dereceli bir miyopiye sahipti. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kilise orgu \u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada iki aya\u011f\u0131yla birlikte pedallara bast\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ellerinin dengesini kaybetmemesi i\u00e7in v\u00fccudunu geriye do\u011fru y\u00f6nlendirmesi gerekiyordu. Bu da ileri derecede miyop olan bir ki\u015fi i\u00e7in \u0131zd\u0131rap demektir. Hakk\u0131nda g\u00f6zl\u00fck kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair belirli bir bilgi yok. Zaten ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131lda da okuma d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda g\u00f6zl\u00fck kullan\u0131m\u0131 yayg\u0131n de\u011fildi. G\u00f6z sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda en net bildi\u011fimiz \u015fey, ya\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00f6z merce\u011finin \u015feffafl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yitirmesi olarak tan\u0131mlanan katarkt y\u00fcz\u00fcnden s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar \u00e7ekmesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

J. S. Bach altm\u0131\u015f d\u00f6rt ya\u015f\u0131na geldi\u011finde g\u00f6z sorunlar\u0131 artmas\u0131 ve genel durumunun k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fmesi onu ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa itmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Baz\u0131 \u00e7evreler y\u00fcksek kilosu ve pipoya olan sevdas\u0131 nedeniyle g\u00f6z a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n nedeninin \u201cAteroskleroza Ba\u011fl\u0131 Temporal Arterit\u201d* oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. Bu bilgiyi kan\u0131tlayamayacak olsak da Bach\u2019\u0131n net \u015fekilde katarakt\u0131 vard\u0131. Son eseri olan, \u201cF\u00fcg Sanat\u0131\u201c adl\u0131 eseri bu sorunlardan dolay\u0131 bitiremiyordu. Bir g\u00fcn Leibzig\u2019de halka a\u00e7\u0131k konferanslar\u0131n birinde oftalmolog James Taylor\u2019un Leibzig\u2019e gelece\u011fini duymu\u015f ve \u00e7evresi taraf\u0131ndan ikna edilerek tedavi olmaya karar vermi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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*= Temporal Arterit; Bir dev h\u00fccreli\natardamar iltihaplanmas\u0131 formudur. Genelde ba\u015f b\u00f6lgesindeki atardamarlar,\n\u00f6zellikle de \u015fakak b\u00f6lgesinde belirtiler g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in genelde temporal\narterit olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r..(Kaynak:Giant cell arteritis,www.mayoclinic.org)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015e\u00f6valye John Taylor (1703 ya da 1708-1772) \u00fczerinde g\u00f6z resimleri olan ve Latince gramer hatal\u0131 \u201c Qui dat videre dat vivere (G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f vermek hayat vermektir) \u201d yazan at arabas\u0131yla \u015fehir \u015fehir dola\u015fan katarakt ameliyatlar\u0131yla \u00fcnlenmi\u015f bir g\u00f6z doktoruydu. O d\u00f6nemlerde g\u00f6z doktorlar\u0131 mesleklerini bu \u015fekilde icra ediyorlard\u0131. Bu sayede hasta ameliyat sonras\u0131 g\u00f6z band\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p k\u00f6r oldu\u011funu fark etti\u011finde \u015fehri \u00e7oktan terk etmi\u015f oluyorlard\u0131. Taylor cerrahi e\u011fitimini \u0130ngiltere\u2019de tamamlad\u0131 ard\u0131ndan Herman Boerhaave\u2019nin (Boerhaave sendromunu tan\u0131mlayan ki\u015fi, klinik t\u0131p e\u011fitimin kurucusu) derslerine kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. En son Fransa\u2019da Jean Louis Petit\u2019ten katarakt cerrahisini \u00f6\u011frenerek e\u011fitimini sona erdirmi\u015fti. Mesleki ya\u015fam\u0131na \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019de ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fczlerce ameliyat k\u00f6rl\u00fckle sonu\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kendisi de itiraf eder. Daha sonras\u0131nda Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne, Rusya\u2019ya hatta \u0130ran\u2019a kadar uzanan seyahatlerine ba\u015flad\u0131. Taylor, zaman\u0131n\u0131n en bilgin g\u00f6z doktorlar\u0131ndand\u0131. Keratokonusu* tan\u0131mlayan ilk ki\u015fi oldu ve ill\u00fcstrasyonlar yaparak bu konuda fark\u0131ndal\u0131k olu\u015fturdu. Yine \u015fa\u015f\u0131l\u0131k tedavisine de g\u00f6z kaslar\u0131n\u0131 kesme yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 getiren oydu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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John Taylor
G\u00f6rsel: Wikimedia<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

*= Keratokonus; kornean\u0131n incelmesi ve \u00f6ne\ndo\u011fru konile\u015fmesiyle karakterize g\u00f6z hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131.(Kaynak:Keratoconus,www.mayoclinic.org)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

John Taylor bir \u015fehre ilk geldi\u011finde en az boyal\u0131 arabas\u0131 kadar dikkat \u00e7eken b\u00fcy\u00fck bir konferans verirdi. Hastalar\u0131ndan y\u00fcksek tedavi \u00fccreti talep eder; e\u011fer nakit alamayacaksa hastalar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n saat gibi de\u011ferli e\u015fyalar\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131rd\u0131. Taylor, Leibzig\u2019e geldi\u011finde, \u201cF\u00fcg Sanat\u0131\u201c adl\u0131 eserini tamamlamaya kararl\u0131 olan Bach\u2019a, aralar\u0131nda bir hafta olmak \u00fczere, iki ameliyat yapt\u0131. \u0130kinci ameliyat\u0131n sebebi tam bilinmiyor; Bach ya ilk ameliyat\u0131ndan memnun kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ya da iki g\u00f6z\u00fc i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 tarihler verilmi\u015fti. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, bu ard\u0131\u015f\u0131k iki ameliyat\u0131n sonucunda Bach g\u00f6rme yetisini tamamen kaybetmi\u015fti. D\u00f6nemin me\u015fhur gazetesi Vosische Zeitung\u2019un o haftaki haberine g\u00f6re Bach ameliyatlardan sonra net bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe sahip olmu\u015ftu; fakat bu haber tamamen yaland\u0131. Haber, y\u00fcksek ihtimalle gazetelerle iyi ili\u015fkileri olan John Taylor taraf\u0131ndan fonlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Couching Prosed\u00fcr\u00fc
G\u00f6rsel: www.bioline.org.br<\/a>
<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Bach\u2019\u0131n ameliyat\u0131 Taylor\u2019un 1736\u2019da yazd\u011f\u0131 Glokom ve Katarakt adl\u0131 kitab\u0131ndakine \u00e7ok yak\u0131n \u015fekilde yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin ediliyor. O d\u00f6nem katarakt ameliyatlar\u0131, \u201cCouching prosed\u00fcr\u00fc\u201d(G\u00f6rsel 1) adl\u0131 bir teknikle yap\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bu teknikte, hasta bir sandalyede otururken kafas\u0131 bir yard\u0131mc\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131k\u0131ca tutuluyor, cerrah da ucu e\u011fri kancaya benzer bir i\u011fneyle merce\u011fi vitr\u00f6ze d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. Anestezi yerine alkol ve afyon kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Ameliyattan sonra g\u00f6z retinaya odaklanm\u0131\u015f \u015fekilde d\u00fc\u015femedi\u011fi i\u00e7in hastalar hayat\u0131na \u015fi\u015fe dibi olarak tarif edilen g\u00f6zl\u00fcklerle devam ederdi. \u201dCouching prosed\u00fcr\u00fc\u201d benzersiz bir cerrahi kitab\u0131 olan Sushruta Samhita\u2019da, en ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde anlat\u0131l\u0131r ve g\u00f6z cerrahisinin kutsal kitab\u0131 Fu Renyu\u2019nun Shen Shi Yao Han\u2019\u0131nda da (1644) ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak anlat\u0131l\u0131r. Yine de Taylor\u2019un kendine has ve onu baz\u0131 \u00e7evrelerce \u015farlatan olarak nitelendirebilecek teknikleri vard\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin sa\u011f elini kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 olsa da hastalar\u0131n sol g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc mutlaka ameliyat ederdi. Taylor\u2019un tedavi yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda g\u00fcvercin kan\u0131yla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6z damlas\u0131, toz \u015feker, f\u0131r\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f tuz, m\u00fcshil ve hastan\u0131n koluna derin yaralar a\u00e7arak kan ak\u0131tmak vard\u0131. \u0130ltihaplanma durumlar\u0131nda y\u00fcksek doz c\u0131va re\u00e7ete ederdi. Bazen ameliyat sonras\u0131 komplikasyonlar\u0131 y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in g\u00f6ze ku\u015f d\u0131\u015fk\u0131s\u0131 ve a\u011fa\u00e7 k\u00f6k\u00fc s\u00fcrerdi. Bach bu ameliyatlardan d\u00f6rt ay sonra fel\u00e7 ge\u00e7irdi. Birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce de g\u00f6zlerinin g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc iddia etmi\u015fti bu semptomlar da bizi g\u00f6rme sorunu olan ki\u015filerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen Charles Bonnet sendromuna, sa\u011f\u0131r duymaz uydururun g\u00f6zdeki hali, g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bach, fel\u00e7 ge\u00e7irdikten sonra Leibzig\u2019in en iyi iki doktoru taraf\u0131ndan bak\u0131ma al\u0131nd\u0131; fakat tedavi s\u00fcrecinde tan\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f y\u00fcksek ate\u015f nedeniyle 65 ya\u015f\u0131nda hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. Taylor\u2019un otobiyografisinde Bach\u2019\u0131n ameliyat oldu\u011funda 88 ya\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011fu yazar. Bach \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra Leibzig\u2019deki St. Johannes Kilisesi\u2019nin yak\u0131nlar\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc. Mozart gibi onun da mezar\u0131n\u0131n yeri tam olarak belli de\u011fildir. 1894\u2019te Bach\u2019a ait oldu\u011fu iddia edilen iskelet Wilhelm His Jr. (His demetinin ka\u015fifi) taraf\u0131ndan incelendiyse de yerli bilgi elde edilemedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Couching prosed\u00fcr\u00fc hala Sudan gibi Afrika \u00fclkeleri, \u00c7in, Hindistan\u2019da hala yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. 2006-2007 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Sudan\u2019da yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya g\u00f6re couching prosed\u00fcr\u00fc ge\u00e7iren 60 hastan\u0131n %60\u2019\u0131 Sekonder A\u00e7\u0131k A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 Glokom* nedeniyle g\u00f6rme duyusunu kaybetti. Bu verilerin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Bach\u2019\u0131n da g\u00f6rme kayb\u0131n\u0131n sebebinin Sekonder A\u00e7\u0131k A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 Glokom oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. M\u00fczik \u00e7evreleri J.S. Bach\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn faturas\u0131n\u0131 John Taylor\u2019un yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ameliyat sonucu olu\u015fan enfeksiyona kesse de bu hi\u00e7 mant\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor. E\u011fer glokoma, endoftalmi e\u015flik etmi\u015f olsayd\u0131; \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ameliyattan sonra d\u00f6rt ay gecikmezdi; fakat m\u00fcshil ve kan ak\u0131tma tedavisi ya\u015fl\u0131 Bach\u2019\u0131 ne kadar g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrebilece\u011fini ve enfeksiyonlara yatk\u0131n hale getirebilece\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Genel olarak tarih\u00e7iler Bach\u2019\u0131n pn\u00f6moniden \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kabul eder. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u00d6rnek bir couching an\u0131
G\u00f6rsel: www.aao.org<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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*= Sekonder A\u00e7\u0131k A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 Glokom; Primer A\u00e7\u0131k\nA\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 Glokom gibi iridokorneal a\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011fu, y\u00fcksek g\u00f6z i\u00e7i bas\u0131nc\u0131,\nglokomat\u00f6z optik disk ve retinal sinir lifi tabakas\u0131n\u0131n progresif hasar\u0131 ile\nkarakterize hastal\u0131k grubudur. (Kaynak:Sekonder A\u00e7\u0131k A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\nGlokomlar,www.todnet.org)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bach ameliyat oldu\u011fu zamanlarda katarakt tedavisinde couching prosed\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yerini alacak kaps\u00fcler yakla\u015f\u0131mlar geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Genel anestezi katarakt ameliyat\u0131na 1840larda, lokal anestezik olarak kokain de 1884\u2019te kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

John Taylor otobiyografisinde Handel\u2019i de ameliyat etti\u011fini ima etse de bununla ilgili bir kan\u0131t yoktur. Handel \u00f6lmeden \u00f6nce k\u00f6rd\u00fc; fakat g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc ani bir \u015fekilde kaybetmi\u015fti. Muhtemelen bu hastal\u0131k da Anterior \u0130skemik Optik N\u00f6ropati* idi. Bir \u015fehir efsanesine g\u00f6re John Taylor da \u00f6lmeden \u00f6nce g\u00f6rme yetisini kaybetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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*= Anterior \u0130skemik Optik N\u00f6ropati; optik\nsinirin \u00f6n\u00fcne kan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n kesintiye u\u011framas\u0131 nedeniyle g\u00f6rme kayb\u0131n\u0131n\nolu\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. (Kaynak:Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy,my.clevelandclinic.org)                                                       \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                               <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jackson, D. M. (1968, October\n12). Bach, Handel, and the Chevalier Taylor. Retrieved July 26, 2010, from\nMedical History: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1033864\/?page=6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarkkanen, A. (2012). Blindness\nof Johann Sebastian Bach. Arch Ophthalmol. Mar; 91(2): 191-192.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zegers, R. H. C. (2005). The Eyes\nof Johann Sebastian Bach. Arch Ophthalmol. Oct; 123(10).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

de Luise V. P. Hektoen\nInternational, A J. of Medical Humanities. “A musical vision: the eyes of\nBach and Handel”\nhttps:\/\/hekint.org\/2017\/01\/30\/a-musical-vision-the-eyes-of-bach-and-handel\/  (Published: 2014). (Last Update:2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Writer of Sarah Knows Eyes.\nJohann Sebastian Bach \u2013 Killed by Cataracts?. Sarah Knows Eyes.\nhttp:\/\/www.sarahknowseyes.com\/115-johann-sebastian-bach-killed-by-cataracts\n(Published: 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ho D. Interlude. Did Johann\nSebastian Bach die from eye surgery complications?\n

Did Johann Sebastian Bach die from eye surgery complications?<\/a><\/blockquote>