{"id":6934,"date":"2020-08-26T17:17:36","date_gmt":"2020-08-26T14:17:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=6934"},"modified":"2020-09-19T22:59:13","modified_gmt":"2020-09-19T19:59:13","slug":"elizabeth-blackwell","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/elizabeth-blackwell\/","title":{"rendered":"KADIN DOKTORLAR: EL\u0130ZABETH BLACKWELL"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Elizabeth Blackwell, ABD\u2019de MD (t\u0131p doktoru) derecesi alan ilk kad\u0131nd\u0131r. ABD ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019de kad\u0131nlar\u0131n t\u0131p okuyabilmeleri i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapt\u0131, bir\u00e7ok sosyal sorunla da ilgilendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"

https:\/\/wellcomecollection.org\/works\/fpqrmwcx<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

3 \u015eubat 1821’de Bristol \u2019da do\u011fdu ve daha sonra ailesiyle\nbirlikte Amerika\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. Babas\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra ailenin kad\u0131nlar\u0131\n\u00f6\u011fretmenlik yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00d6\u011fretmenlik o zamanlar kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in uygun g\u00f6r\u00fclen\nmesleklerden biriydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6\u011fretmenlik yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada, hasta olan yak\u0131n bir arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131n\ne\u011fer doktoru kad\u0131n olsayd\u0131 daha anlay\u0131\u015fl\u0131 bir tedavi alabilece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemesi ona\nilham kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu. Oysa o zamana kadar t\u0131bba kar\u015f\u0131 hi\u00e7bir ilgisi yoktu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"

Elizabeth Blackwell’in do\u011fdu\u011fu ev, Bristol https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Elizabeth_Blackwell%27s_First_House_in_Bristol.jpg<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Fak\u00fclte Y\u0131llar\u0131 ve Meslek Ya\u015fam\u0131 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nas\u0131l doktor olabilece\u011fini ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda e\u011fitimin pahal\u0131\noldu\u011funu ve kad\u0131nlara t\u0131p e\u011fitiminin verilmedi\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Yine de pes etmek\nistemeyen Blackwell, iki doktor arkada\u015f\u0131ndan bir y\u0131l boyunca e\u011fitim ald\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayn\u0131 zamanda bir\u00e7ok okula da ba\u015fvurdu. Tek kabul ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 okul<\/strong> New York k\u0131rsal\u0131ndaki Cenevre Koleji\u2019ydi. Ba\u015fvurusunu okul y\u00f6netimi \u00f6\u011frencilerin oylamas\u0131na sunmu\u015f, tamam\u0131 erkek olan \u00f6\u011frenciler bunun bir \u015faka oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek kabul oyu vermi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Okula ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda maalesef b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k ve bezdiriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131. Yine de pes etmeyerek b\u00fcy\u00fck bir m\u00fccadele verdi ve okuldaki herkesin sayg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kazanarak 1849\u2019da birincilikle<\/strong> mezun oldu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Elizabeth_Blackwell.jpg<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mezun olduktan sonra iki y\u0131l boyunca Londra ve Paris\u2019te\nkliniklerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ayr\u0131ca ebelik e\u011fitimi ald\u0131. Bir hastadan enfeksiyon kapt\u0131\nve bu y\u00fczden bir g\u00f6z\u00fc g\u00f6rme yetisini yitirdi. Bu durumda cerrahl\u0131k\nyapamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek bu hayalinden vazge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

New York\u2019a geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve burada doktorlu\u011fa devam etti. \u0130lk ba\u015flarda \u00e7ok hastas\u0131 yoktu. Daha sonra arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla kiral\u0131k bir odada kendi dispanserini<\/strong> a\u00e7t\u0131. Zamanla dispanserini geli\u015ftirdi ve daha \u00e7ok hasta g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1857’de k\u0131z karde\u015fi Emily ve Dr. Marie Zakrzewska ile beraber New York Kad\u0131n ve \u00c7ocuk Reviri<\/strong>\u2019ni a\u00e7t\u0131, buras\u0131 yetkin kad\u0131n doktorlar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen ilk klinikti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Elizabeth_Blackwell_(M.D.).jpg<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Nightingale ve Blackwell<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nightingale ile Blackwell; halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, hijyen gibi konularda paralel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere sahiplerdi ve bir d\u00f6nem yak\u0131n arkada\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Blackwell, 1958\u2019de \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Amac\u0131 burada\nkad\u0131nlar\u0131n doktorluk yapabilmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapmakt\u0131. Kadrosunda kad\u0131n\ndoktorlar bulunan ve kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in t\u0131p fak\u00fcltesi olan bir hastane kurmak\nistedi. Bu fikrine Nightingale\u2019i de ortak yapmak istedi. Fakat Nightingale,\na\u00e7mak istedi\u011fi hem\u015firelik okuluna Blackwell\u2019in orada amir olmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyordu.\nBlackwell, kad\u0131n doktorlar\u0131 desteklemeyecek bir kuruma kat\u0131lmak istemedi. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\nayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, aralar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na sebep oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doktor Kad\u0131nlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

New York\u2019ta kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in bir t\u0131p fak\u00fcltesi kurulmas\u0131na<\/strong> destek oldu ve fak\u00fclte 1868\u2019de a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Buray\u0131 k\u0131z karde\u015finin sorumlulu\u011funa b\u0131rakarak 1869\u2019da \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye yerle\u015fti ve \u00f6zel bir muayenehane kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiltere\u2019de kad\u0131nlar\u0131n t\u0131p fak\u00fcltelerine kabul edilmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc. Yasan\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 beklerken iki kad\u0131n meslekta\u015f\u0131yla beraber kad\u0131nlar\u0131 lisans s\u0131nav\u0131na haz\u0131rlamak amac\u0131yla 1874\u2019te Londra Kad\u0131n T\u0131p Okulu<\/strong>‘nu kurdu. Bu okulda jinekoloji profes\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yapt\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n


<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"

New York’ta kurulan Kad\u0131n T\u0131p Koleji’nin ilan\u0131, 1968
https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:NYinfirmary.jpg<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

*1881’de\n\u0130ngiltere ve Galler’de kay\u0131tl\u0131 yaln\u0131zca 25 kad\u0131n doktor varken bu say\u0131 30 y\u0131lda\n495\u2019e y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyal \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elizabeth Blackwell, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve t\u0131p hakk\u0131nda kitaplar yazd\u0131.\n1895 y\u0131l\u0131nda Pioneer Work In Opening The\nMedical Profession To Women<\/em> (T\u0131p\nMesle\u011fini Kad\u0131nlara A\u00e7mada \u00d6nc\u00fc \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma) <\/em>ismiyle otobiyografisini\nyay\u0131nlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cinsel sa\u011fl\u0131k, aile planmas\u0131, koruyucu hekimlik, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n oy kullanma <\/strong>hakk\u0131 gibi bir\u00e7ok konuda reform hareketlerinde yer ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1871\u2019de  \u201c\u00d6nlem, tedaviden daha iyidir\u201d<\/em> slogan\u0131yla Ulusal Sa\u011fl\u0131k Derne\u011fi<\/strong>‘ni kurarak insanlar\u0131 hijyen ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ya\u015fam konusunda e\u011fitmeyi ama\u00e7lad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"

Elizabeth Blackwell’, evlatl\u0131k k\u0131z\u0131 Kitty ve iki k\u00f6pe\u011fiyle birlikte, 1905.
https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Elizabeth_Blackwell,_1905.jpg<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na zarar gelmesini istemeyen Blackwell, romantik ili\u015fkilerden uzak durdu. Kitty Barry ad\u0131nda evlat edindi\u011fi bir k\u0131z\u0131 vard\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ailenin di\u011fer bireyleri de tan\u0131m\u0131\u015f ki\u015filerdi. Erkek karde\u015fi Henry \u00fcnl\u00fc bir k\u00f6lelik kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131, k\u0131z karde\u015fi Emily bir doktor, ye\u011feni Sarah bir gazeteciydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir inme ge\u00e7irdikten sonra, 31\nMay\u0131s 1910\u2019da hayata veda etti. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHakk\u0131nda hik\u00e2yelerin anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcrden bir insan de\u011filim. M\u00fctevaz\u0131 ko\u015fullarda do\u011fanlar, kalp k\u0131r\u0131klar\u0131 ya\u015far ve zaferlerini ozanlar\u0131n fark\u0131na varmadan kutlarlar, zamanlar\u0131n\u0131n masallar\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir iz b\u0131rakmazlar.” <\/strong>Elizabeth Blackwell<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynaklar:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. Michals, Debra. (2015). Elizabeth Blackwell. National Women’s History Museum. Al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Tarih: 12 A\u011fustos 2020 Al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yer: https:\/\/www.womenshistory.org\/education-resources\/biographies\/elizabeth-blackwell<\/a><\/li>
  2. A short biography of Elizabeth Blackwell Al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Tarih: 12 A\u011fustos 2020 Al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yer: http:\/\/www.bristol.ac.uk\/blackwell\/about\/elizabeth-blackwell\/elizabeth-blackwell-biography\/<\/a><\/li>
  3. Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell Al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Tarih: 12 A\u011fustos 2020 Al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yer: https:\/\/cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov\/physicians\/biography_35.html<\/a><\/li>
  4. Elizabeth Blackwell Al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Tarih: 12 A\u011fustos 2020 Al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yer: https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Elizabeth-Blackwell<\/a><\/li>
  5. Elizabeth Blackwell Al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Tarih: 12 A\u011fustos 2020 Al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yer: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elizabeth_Blackwell<\/a> <\/li>
  6.  Boyd Julia. (2009). The Lancet. Florence Nightingale ve Elizabeth Blackwell  Al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Tarih: 19 A\u011fustos 2020 Al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yer: https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS0140-6736(09)60845-X\/fulltext<\/a> <\/li>
  7. Elizabeth Blackwell quotes Al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Tarih: 19 A\u011fustos 2020 Al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yer: https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/author\/quotes\/297859.Elizabeth_Blackwell<\/a> <\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Elizabeth Blackwell, ABD\u2019de MD (t\u0131p doktoru) derecesi alan ilk kad\u0131nd\u0131r. ABD ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019de kad\u0131nlar\u0131n t\u0131p okuyabilmeleri i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapt\u0131, bir\u00e7ok<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":265,"featured_media":6951,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[1056,375,1040,575,1055,1057,34],"acf":[],"views":1170,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6934"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/265"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6934"}],"version-history":[{"count":38,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6934\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7750,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6934\/revisions\/7750"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6951"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6934"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6934"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6934"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}