{"id":7321,"date":"2020-08-25T18:05:33","date_gmt":"2020-08-25T15:05:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=7321"},"modified":"2020-09-26T21:27:19","modified_gmt":"2020-09-26T18:27:19","slug":"mozartin-hastaliklari-ve-doneminin-saglik-anlayisi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/mozartin-hastaliklari-ve-doneminin-saglik-anlayisi\/","title":{"rendered":"Mozart’\u0131n Hastal\u0131klar\u0131 ve D\u00f6neminin Sa\u011fl\u0131k Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Kaynak:Wikimedia<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1756 y\u0131l\u0131nda Salzburg\u2019da keman otoritesi bir baba ve m\u00fczisyen bir annenin \u00e7ocu\u011fu olarak d\u00fcnyaya geldi. Ailenin do\u011fan yedi \u00e7ocu\u011fundan sadece Wolfgang ve Nannerl hayatta kalabildi. Mozart, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 \u0130talya ser\u00fcveninin ard\u0131ndan ikinci ad\u0131n\u0131n (Theophilus) \u0130talyanca \u00e7evirisi olan Amadeus\u2019u (Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Sevdi\u011fi) kullanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve o tarihten itibaren Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart olarak an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Amadeus, \u00fcst\u00fcn yetene\u011finin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra g\u00f6rg\u00fcl\u00fc ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr bir m\u00fcziksever olan babas\u0131 Leopold Mozart\u2019a da \u00e7ok \u015fey bor\u00e7luydu. Leopold o\u011flunun biyografisinin yaz\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek onunla olan mektupla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 bile saklay\u0131p d\u00fczene koymu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mozart Ailesi
Kaynak:Wikimedia<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mozart bug\u00fcn\u00fcn sanat\u00e7\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na uyan biri de\u011fildi. Bug\u00fcn\u00fcn anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 derken, sanat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n sadece kendi alan\u0131yla ilgili de\u011fil, sanat\u0131n her dal\u0131na dair bilgi sahibi olup \u201cAyd\u0131n\u201d ve \u201cK\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc\u201d s\u0131fatlar\u0131n\u0131 hak eden kapsaml\u0131 bir anlay\u0131\u015ftan s\u00f6z ediyoruz. Mozart, m\u00fczikle ilgili konulardan ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir \u015fey okumazd\u0131; di\u011fer alanlarda inceleme yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 da g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015fti. Kendi ilham evreninde yaln\u0131zca m\u00fczi\u011fin yeri vard\u0131. Di\u011fer besteciler gibi do\u011fa yahut ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7eklerinden etkilenmiyordu. Bu nedenle, inceleyece\u011fimiz hastal\u0131klar\u0131n m\u00fczi\u011fine olan etkisi \u00e7ok azd\u0131. \u0130\u015fte, bu \u00f6zelli\u011fiyle s\u00fcrekli kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Beethoven\u2019dan ayr\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Baba Leopold Mozart
Kaynak:Wikimedia<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

1984\u2019te vizyona giren “Amadeus” filminden sonra Viyana\u2019da yap\u0131lan bir psikiyatri kongresinde Mozart\u2019\u0131n Tourette sendromuna sahip oldu\u011fu iddia edildi. Konu\u015furken patlay\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde k\u00fcf\u00fcr etmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131, mektuplar\u0131nda c\u00fcmlelerin aras\u0131na s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir anlam ifade etmeyen a\u00e7\u0131k se\u00e7ik s\u00f6zc\u00fckler yazmas\u0131, pe\u00e7eteyle s\u00fcrekli a\u011fz\u0131na dokunmas\u0131, s\u0131k s\u0131k y\u00fcz buru\u015fturma hareketleri yapmas\u0131 ve aniden kalk\u0131p z\u0131plamaya ba\u015flamas\u0131, onun Tourette sendromu oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrt\u00fcyordu. Bu davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda k\u0131z karde\u015fi Nannerl \u015funlar\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Sanat\u00e7\u0131 olarak kabul edilen, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015flardan itibaren kapasitesinin en yukar\u0131s\u0131na ula\u015fan bu varl\u0131k; hayat\u0131n\u0131n sonuna dek \u00e7ocuk olarak kald\u0131. \u00d6lene kadar kendi davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l kontrol edilece\u011finin en temel y\u00f6nlerini bile asla \u00f6\u011frenmedi.” <\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Genel olarak Mozart\u2019\u0131n takdir edilmeyen bu davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131, ger\u00e7ekten psikiyatrik bir bozuklu\u011fun \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc de olabilir; fakat toplumun sanat\u00e7\u0131larda psikiyatrik sorun arama e\u011filimi de bu iddialar\u0131 alevlendiren nedenlerden biri olabilirdi. Onlara g\u00f6re sanat\u00e7\u0131 bipolar ya da depresyonda olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Muhtemelen Vincent van Gogh da tek ba\u015f\u0131na sanat camias\u0131na \u00e7\u0131ld\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ki\u015fi imaj\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli gelmiyordu. Yine Mozart\u2019\u0131n belirtilerine d\u00f6necek olursak, mektuplar\u0131nda sanki k\u00fcf\u00fcrlerin devam\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131daki bilirmi\u015f\u00e7esine \u201c\u2026. sen devam\u0131n\u0131 bilirsin\u201d yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 da oluyordu. Benzer \u015fekilde aile bireylerinin di\u011fer \u00fcyelerinin de bu \u015fekilde k\u00fcf\u00fcrl\u00fc \u015fakalar yapmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektuplar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Hatta Stefan Zweig bu mektuplar\u0131 ke\u015ffetmi\u015f, incelemesi i\u00e7in Freud’a yollam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; fakat Freud bu teklifi reddetmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca Tourette te\u015fhisi i\u00e7in yeterli tiklere sahip de\u011fildi. Yine de Mozart\u2019\u0131n bu skatolojik tav\u0131rlar\u0131 kimse taraf\u0131ndan ho\u015f kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131yor ve kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndakini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a rahats\u0131z ediyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mozart’\u0131n \u00f6rnek bir mektubu
Kaynak: loc.gov<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda Avrupa \u015fehirlerindeki \u00f6l\u00fcm say\u0131s\u0131, sava\u015f ve salg\u0131nlar\u0131n da etkisiyle g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki rakamlar\u0131n olduk\u00e7a \u00fcst\u00fcndeydi. D\u00f6nemin Viyana\u2019s\u0131 iki y\u00fcz bini a\u015fan n\u00fcfusuyla, binde k\u0131rk \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck kaba \u00f6l\u00fcm h\u0131z\u0131na sahipti. Bu \u00f6l\u00fcmlerin sebebi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde a\u015fina oldu\u011fumuz nedenlerden \u00e7ok, o zaman\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck katilleri olan \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, tifo, tif\u00fcs, k\u0131z\u0131l ve infantil ishal<\/em> gibi akut enfeksiyonlarla ilgiliydi. \u00d6zellikle gen\u00e7 yeti\u015fkin \u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde kronik t\u00fcberk\u00fcloz ve sifilizin yeri b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deh\u015fet verici bebek \u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin de etkisiyle ortalama ya\u015fam beklentisi 32 y\u0131ld\u0131. 1762-1776 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki verilerde 2 ya\u015f alt\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131 %49’du ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n %62\u2019si be\u015f ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6remeden \u00f6l\u00fcyordu. Bunun ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedeni d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck hijyen ve bebeklerin beslenme al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131ndan kaynaklanan infantil ishaldi. Annenin emzirmesi yayg\u0131n bir durum de\u011fildi \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc orta ve \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131fa ait annelerin sosyal ya\u015fam\u0131na devam etmesi i\u00e7in s\u00fct anneler bulunuyordu; fakat s\u00fct anneler alt tabakadan geldi\u011finden, genellike hastal\u0131k ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131, hijyen kurallar\u0131ndan bihaber ve ihmalkar ki\u015filerdi. Anne s\u00fct\u00fc verilmedi\u011fi zaman bira veya suyun i\u00e7inde \u015fekerli ekmek kaynat\u0131l\u0131p mama olarak bebeklere veriliyordu. Mozart\u2019\u0131n babas\u0131na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir mektubunda e\u015finin emzirmeyece\u011fini, fakat \u00e7ocu\u011funun bir yabanc\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan da emzirilmesini istemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in, kendisi ve k\u0131z karde\u015finin beslendi\u011fi gibi, bebeklerin ekmek mamas\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fclece\u011fini yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu mektuptan d\u00f6rt hafta sonra \u00e7ocu\u011funu kaybetmi\u015ftir. E\u015fi soprano Constanze Mozart\u2019\u0131n d\u00fcnyaya getirdi\u011fi alt\u0131 \u00e7ocuktan da sadece ikisi hayatta kalabilmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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18.yy Viyanas\u0131
Kaynak:Wikimedia<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Zaman\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen doktorlar\u0131ndan Gerhard van Swieten (1700-1772) emzirmenin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sorun oldu\u011funu fark etmi\u015f ve halk\u0131 bu konuda olduk\u00e7a ayd\u0131nlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda 1754\u2019te Viyana T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesinin temellerini atan ki\u015filerden biridir. Burada kadavra \u00fczerinden t\u0131p e\u011fitimini yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve termometreyi klinik ama\u00e7l\u0131 kullanan ilk ki\u015filerden biri olmu\u015ftur. O y\u0131llar \u00e7o\u011fu hastal\u0131k i\u00e7in klinik tan\u0131mlamalar\u0131n\u0131n yenice ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemdi. K\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 say\u0131da efektif tedavi vard\u0131. Yine de, olduk\u00e7a az spesifik tedavi i\u00e7erse de, ila\u00e7 k\u0131lavuzlar\u0131 sonunda orta \u00e7a\u011fdan kalma cad\u0131 iksirlerinin yerini almaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, kinin i\u00e7eren k\u0131nak\u0131na kabu\u011fu s\u0131tma tedavisinde kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Afyon tek a\u011fr\u0131 kesiciydi ve sifiliz i\u00e7in c\u0131va re\u00e7ete ediliyordu. Y\u00fcksek doz dijital i\u00e7eren y\u00fcks\u00fck otu da kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. En kabul g\u00f6ren tedavi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 eski h\u00fcmoral hastal\u0131k teorisi oldu\u011fundan, ama\u00e7 \u00e7o\u011funlukla v\u00fccut s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131lmas\u0131yd\u0131, bunun i\u00e7in m\u00fcshil, lavman, emetik ve kanatma i\u00e7eren de\u011fi\u015fik y\u00f6ntemler kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Gottfried van Swieten
Kaynak: Wikimedia<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

T\u0131p d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n tedavideki re\u00e7ete yetersizli\u011fi,  Mozart ailesi d\u00e2hil bir\u00e7ok ailenin kendi tedavi k\u0131lavuzlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Hatta Mozart bir anneyle k\u0131z\u0131na guatr te\u015fhisi koymu\u015f ve babas\u0131n\u0131n karde\u015fi Nannerl Mozart\u2019a uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 guatr ilac\u0131 olan k\u0131zart\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yosunu \u00f6nermi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mozart \u00e7ocuklu\u011funda babas\u0131yla birlikte seyahatlere \u00e7\u0131karak hem m\u00fczik e\u011fitimine devam ediyor hem de para kazan\u0131yordu. Bu seyahatler s\u0131ras\u0131nda d\u00f6nemin hijyen \u015fartlar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 hanlarda her an enfeksiyon tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yayd\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

6 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken ailecek Krali\u00e7eye konser vermek \u00fczere gittikleri Viyana\u2019da kayda ge\u00e7en ilk hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na yakaland\u0131. Babas\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131ndan streptokoka ba\u011fl\u0131 eritema nodozum<\/em> oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aile 1763 y\u0131l\u0131nda Salzburg\u2019a d\u00f6nd\u00fc; fakat hemen ard\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7 bu\u00e7uk y\u0131l s\u00fcrecek olan Avrupa turnesine ba\u015flad\u0131lar. \u015eubat 1764\u2019te Paris\u2019e vard\u0131lar. Leopold o\u011flunun y\u00fcksek ate\u015f ve bo\u011faz a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 \u015fik\u00e2yetiyle uyand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, iltihab\u0131n onu bo\u011facak derecede \u015fiddetlendi\u011fini not ald\u0131. \u015eik\u00e2yetleri bir hafta sonra iyice azald\u0131 ve notlar\u0131 inceleyenler akut streptokokal tonsillit (bademcik iltihab\u0131) oldu\u011funa karar k\u0131ld\u0131lar. Paris\u2019ten ayr\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra Nisan 1764\u2019te d\u00f6nemin m\u00fczikal g\u00f6steri merkezi olan Londra\u2019ya vard\u0131lar. Kral III. George taraf\u0131ndan Buckingham Saray\u0131’na davet edildiler ve Mozart yeni a\u00e7\u0131lacak do\u011fum hastanesinin ba\u011f\u0131\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fcnde sahne ald\u0131. Bu olaylar \u0130ngiliz hayran\u0131 babas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok ho\u015funa gidiyor, o\u011flunun \u0130ngilizler taraf\u0131ndan daha da \u00e7ok sevilmesini istiyordu; fakat Leopold, o\u011flunun bu konserinden sonra sevincini ya\u015fayamadan hastalan\u0131p, olduk\u00e7a halsiz bir bi\u00e7imde yatarak g\u00fcnlerini ge\u00e7irmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130yile\u015fene kadar ailesiyle beraber Chelsea k\u0131rsal\u0131nda bir eve yerle\u015ftirildi. O s\u0131rada sessiz olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in defalarca tembihlenen 8 ya\u015f\u0131ndakiWolfgang, o evde ilk senfonisini besteledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mozart’\u0131n \u00e7ocuklu\u011funun tasfir edildi\u011fi Londra’daki heykeli
Kaynak: Flickr<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Mozart ve Tifo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Mozart ailesi Temmuz 1765\u2019te \u0130ngiltere\u2019yi terk etti. Abla Nannerl Mozart, so\u011fuk alg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi ba\u015flayan ve giderek a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fan bir hastal\u0131\u011fa yakaland\u0131. Bu hastal\u0131k tablosu; bo\u011faz a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, ate\u015f, deri lezyonlar\u0131, halsizlik ve deliryumla devam etti. En sonunda \u00f6lecek g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yakla\u015f\u0131k bir ay sonra Nannerl iyile\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bu sefer de Wolfgang ayn\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n belirtilerini g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Deliryum ve y\u00fcksek ate\u015fle seyredip, uzun s\u00fcrede iyile\u015fti\u011fi g\u00f6ze al\u0131n\u0131rsa; bu hastal\u0131k on sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131l Avrupa\u2019s\u0131nda endemik olan tifoya i\u015faret ediyordu.
Kas\u0131m 1766\u2019da yolculuklar\u0131na devam ettikleri M\u00fcnih\u2019te Wolfgang ayaklar\u0131ndan dizlerine kadar \u015fiddetli a\u011fr\u0131 ve ate\u015f nedeniyle d\u00f6rt gece uyuyamad\u0131. \u0130ki hafta sonra iyile\u015fti; ama Leopold o\u011flunun bundan \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nce de ayn\u0131 tabloyu ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu. Bu belirtiler de orta derecede romatizmal ate\u015f ataklar\u0131na i\u015faret ediyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mozart ve \u00c7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1767 sonbahar\u0131nda baba Leopold, \u0130mparatori\u00e7e Theresa’n\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n Napoli Kral\u0131 ile yakla\u015fan d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kutlamas\u0131nda yap\u0131lacak olan festivaller i\u00e7in beste haz\u0131rlama fikriyle yeniden Viyana’ya gitti. \u015eehir o s\u0131rada \u00e7i\u00e7ek salg\u0131n\u0131yla bo\u011fu\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hatta d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn 16 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki gelini de \u00e7i\u00e7ek nedeniyle hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybedince d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn iptal oldu. Salg\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fehirlerde \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131 y\u00fczde yirmi be\u015flere kadar art\u0131yordu. Leopold Mozart 1764\u2019te Paris\u2019teyken \u015f\u00f6yle yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c O\u011flumun \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na yakalanmas\u0131na izin vermem i\u00e7in beni ikna etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar. Ama bu k\u00fcstah tekliften ho\u015flanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade etti\u011fimde beni rahat b\u0131rak\u0131yorlar. Burada hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaparak ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131klanma moda haline gelmi\u015f. Ben kendi ad\u0131ma meseleyi Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n l\u00fctfuna b\u0131rak\u0131yorum. Yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 harikay\u0131 yerle\u015ftirdi\u011fi bu d\u00fcnyada tutmak m\u0131 yoksa kendi yan\u0131na m\u0131 almak istedi\u011fi yine onun l\u00fctfuna ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.” <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yine Leopold Mozart Viyana\u2019dayken bu salg\u0131n\u0131n ciddiyetinin fark\u0131ndayd\u0131 ve \u015fu \u015fekilde not alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c Viyana\u2019daki konu\u015fmalar\u0131n tek konusu bu \u00e7i\u00e7ek salg\u0131n\u0131, Viyana\u2019da \u00f6len on \u00e7ocu\u011fun dokuzu \u00e7i\u00e7ek y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00f6l\u00fcyor.\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mozart ailesi\nsalg\u0131n nedeniyle Viyana\u2019dan Olm\u00fctz\u2019e ka\u00e7t\u0131; fakat ge\u00e7 kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Wofgang \u00e7oktan\nenfekte olmu\u015ftu. Ate\u015f, g\u00f6z a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131 ve y\u00fcz\u00fcnde \u015fi\u015flikler ba\u015f g\u00f6sterdi. Leopold\no\u011fluna pudra uygulamas\u0131 yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131; fakat birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcler\nba\u015flad\u0131. 11 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Wolfgang dokuz g\u00fcn boyunca g\u00f6rmekte s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 \u00e7ekti,\n\u00e7evresindekiler k\u00f6r kalmas\u0131ndan endi\u015fe ediyordu. A\u015f\u0131 bulunmadan \u00f6nce\nAvrupa\u2019daki k\u00f6rl\u00fcklerin \u00fc\u00e7te birinden fazlas\u0131ndan \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorumluydu.\n\u00c7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olanlar\u0131n %5-%9\u2019u g\u00f6z kapa\u011f\u0131 ve konjunktival enfeksiyon,\ndiskiform keratit, \u00fcveit , kornea \u00fclseri (en ciddi olan\u0131) ve optik n\u00f6rit gibi\ng\u00f6z komplikasyonlar\u0131 geli\u015ftirir. (A\u015f\u0131k Veysel\u2019in sol g\u00f6z\u00fc \u00e7i\u00e7ek y\u00fcz\u00fcnden k\u00f6r\nkalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.) Mozart k\u00f6r kalmad\u0131 ve y\u00fcz\u00fcnde birka\u00e7 \u00e7ukurlukla hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 atlatt\u0131.\n\u00c7izdirdi\u011fi portrelerinde \u00e7irkin yass\u0131 kulaklar\u0131n\u0131 ve y\u00fcz\u00fcndeki \u00e7ukurluklar\u0131\ngizlettirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kuzey Avrupa\u2019da \u00e7ok\u00e7a yayg\u0131nla\u015fan Variola vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn neden oldu\u011fu bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerinde endemikti ve her y\u0131l tahminen 400.000 ki\u015finin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sorumluydu. Edward Jenner, Mozart\u2019\u0131n 1796\u2019daki \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden be\u015f y\u0131l sonras\u0131na kadar s\u0131\u011f\u0131r \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011finin insanlarda ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nispeten g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde art\u0131rabilece\u011fini ke\u015ffetti. Jenner\u2019\u0131n ke\u015ffine dayanan bu ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131klama \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sonucunda D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc 1979\u2019da \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u00c7i\u00e7e\u011fe yakalanm\u0131\u015f bir \u00e7ocuk
Kaynak:Wikimedia<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mozart ve Sifiliz<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda sifiliz \u00e7ok yayg\u0131nd\u0131 ve yenido\u011fan \u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin \u00f6nemli sebeplerinden biriydi. Ayn\u0131 zamanda m\u00fczisyen ve tiyatrocular aras\u0131nda da yayg\u0131nd\u0131. Ba\u015fta Schubert olmak \u00fczere birka\u00e7 besteci etkilendi. Ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak sifiliz Mozart\u2019\u0131 da ilgilendirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Babas\u0131na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektuplarda sifilizden \u00e7ok korktu\u011funu ve tiksinti duydu\u011funu defalarca belirtti. Bu korkunun en b\u00fcy\u00fck sebebi besteci arkada\u015f\u0131 Josef Myslivecek ile bulu\u015fmas\u0131 olabilir. Onu hastane bah\u00e7esinde ziyaret etti\u011finde burnunun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Arkada\u015f\u0131 ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi kaza sonras\u0131 bilgisiz bir cerrah\u0131n burnunu kesti\u011fini s\u00f6ylese de Mozart bu durumun sebebinin \u201cGumma” olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan frengi kabarc\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Gumma
Kaynak: Wikimedia<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mozart ve Tifus<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1778\u2019de Mozart hala annesiyle seyahatlerine devam ediyordu ve Paris\u2019e geldiklerinde ilk aile trajedisiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131. 57 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki annesi aniden hastalanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ve babas\u0131n\u0131n tavsiyesi \u00fczerine kan \u00e7\u0131karma prosed\u00fcr\u00fc uyguland\u0131. Birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra ishal, titreme ve ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi. Bunlar\u0131 ani ba\u015flayan sa\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k, halsizlik ve \u00e7\u0131ld\u0131rma izledi. Doktorlar m\u00fcshil olarak, \u015farapta ravent (\u0131\u015fg\u0131n otu) re\u00e7ete ettiler ve su al\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kestiler. Bu a\u011f\u0131r dehidrasyon rejiminden sonra komaya girdi ve 16 g\u00fcn sonra \u00f6ld\u00fc. Bunlara ra\u011fmen babas\u0131, Wolfgang\u2019\u0131 kan \u00e7\u0131karma tedavisini erken yapt\u0131rtmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in su\u00e7lad\u0131. Sa\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 ve hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilerlemesiyle beraber o y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131 da g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131n\u0131rsa bu hastal\u0131k tif\u00fcsa benziyor. Annesinin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan birka\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nemli bir t\u0131bbi sorunla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmad\u0131 ve 1781\u2019de Viyana\u2019ya kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak yerle\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
W.A Mozart’\u0131n annesi Maria Mozart
Kaynak:Wikimedia<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mozart ve Akut Gastroenterit<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1784\u2019te 28 ya\u015f\u0131na geldi\u011finde terleme, kusma ve kolik ataklar\u0131yla seyreden \u015fiddetli bir hastal\u0131k ba\u015f g\u00f6sterdi. O g\u00fcnlerde bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi de benzer belirtilerden muzdaripti. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 bu durumun renal kolik oldu\u011funu, \u015f\u00fcpheli b\u00f6brek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir tezah\u00fcr\u00fc oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylerler. Bu iddialar ileriye ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131p, durumun Henoch-Schonlein purpuras\u0131n\u0131n ilk belirtilerinin oldu\u011fu da iddia edilmi\u015ftir. Henoch-Schonlein purpuras\u0131 yeti\u015fkinlerde \u00e7ok nadir g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr ve Mozart’ta herhangi bir d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcn\u00fcn ya da eklem a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kayda ge\u00e7irilmemi\u015ftir. Mozart\u2019\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen baz\u0131 doktorlar Mozart\u2019\u0131n b\u00f6breklerinin sorunlu oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131n\u0131 tekrar tekrar ortaya att\u0131klar\u0131ndan, muhtemelen s\u0131ra bir \u015fekilde Henoch-Schonlein’a da geldi. Salg\u0131nla birlikte d\u00f6nemin notlar\u0131 bu durumun akut gastroenterit oldu\u011funa i\u015faret ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gelecek yaz\u0131da Mozart\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm hikayesinden de s\u00f6z edip, sanat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n hastal\u0131k ge\u00e7mi\u015finin detayl\u0131 incelemesini bitirmi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131z. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Alpay,\nYal\u0131n. Yal\u0131n Alpay.<\/em> 02 \u015eubat 2013. http:\/\/www.yalinalpay.com\/blog\/category\/mozart<\/a>\n(eri\u015fildi: A\u011fustos 14, 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ashoori,\nA, ve J Jankovic. \u00abMozart\u2019s movements and behaviour: a case of Tourette\u2019s\nsyndrome?\u00bb Postgrad Med J<\/em>, 2008: 313-317.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Davies,\nPeter J. \u00abMozart’s illnesses and death.\u00bb Journal of the Royal Society of\nMedicine<\/em>, 1983: 776-785.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jenkins,\nJ S. \u00abMedicine and music in Vienna at the time of Mozart.\u00bb Journal of the\nRoyal Society of Medicine<\/em>, 1993: 657-659.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jenkins,\nJ S. \u00abMozart and medicine in the eighteenth century.\u00bb JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL\nSOCIETY OF MEDICINE<\/em>, 1995: 408-413.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jenkins,\nJ.S. \u00abThe medical history and death of Mozart.\u00bb Journal of the Royal College\nof Physicians of London<\/em>, 1991: 351-353.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mimaro\u011flu,\n\u0130lhan. M\u00fczik Tarihi.<\/em> \u0130stanbul: Varl\u0131k Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Powell,\nHenry, ve Howard I Kushner. \u00abMozart at play: the limitations of attributing the\netiology of genius to tourette syndrome and mental illness.\u00bb Progress in\nBrain Research<\/em>, 2015: 277-291.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Somers,\nJeff. Grunge.<\/em> 12 Mart 2020. https:\/\/www.grunge.com\/194140\/the-tragic-real-life-story-of-mozart\/<\/a>\n(eri\u015fildi: A\u011fustos 15, 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zegers,\nRichard H.C., Andreas Weigl, ve Andrew Steptoe. \u00abThe Death of Wolfgang Amadeus\nMozart: An Epidemiologic Perspective.\u00bb Annals of Internal Medicine<\/em>,\n2009: 274-278.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zegers,\nRichard HC. \u00abMozart and smallpox.\u00bb Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology<\/em>,\n2007: 372-373.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1756 y\u0131l\u0131nda Salzburg\u2019da keman otoritesi bir baba ve m\u00fczisyen bir annenin \u00e7ocu\u011fu olarak d\u00fcnyaya geldi. Ailenin do\u011fan<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":342,"featured_media":7344,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1,25,6],"tags":[1053,1051,157,1042,1047,1054,1052,1048,1041,983,1043,1050,1046],"acf":[],"views":4009,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7321"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/342"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7321"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7321\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7850,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7321\/revisions\/7850"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7344"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7321"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7321"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7321"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}