{"id":7595,"date":"2020-09-14T23:11:01","date_gmt":"2020-09-14T20:11:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=7595"},"modified":"2020-10-09T16:48:39","modified_gmt":"2020-10-09T13:48:39","slug":"neandertallerden-miras-aldigimiz-dna-covid-19-riskini-arttiriyor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/haberler\/neandertallerden-miras-aldigimiz-dna-covid-19-riskini-arttiriyor\/","title":{"rendered":"Neandertallerden Miras Ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z DNA, COVID-19 Riskini Artt\u0131r\u0131yor"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"
Human evolution gallery. Model of male Homo neanderthalensis, Natural History Museum, London, England, UK,<\/em><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Antropoloji;\nsosyolojiden biyolojiye, paleontolojiden co\u011frafyaya, t\u0131ptan felsefeye,\njeolojiden arkeolojiye, psikolojiden iktisadi bilimlere hemen her bilim dal\u0131yla\nyak\u0131n temastad\u0131r. Farkl\u0131 konularla ele al\u0131nabilen ve baz\u0131 konular\u0131n alt\u0131nda\nyatan sebepleri a\u00e7\u0131klayabildi\u011fimiz; her g\u00fcn yeni bir ke\u015fif ortaya konan, ucu\nbuca\u011f\u0131 olmayan bir aland\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

           T\u0131bbi antropolojide; antropologlar toplumun hastal\u0131k deneyimleri, hastal\u0131klar\u0131 alg\u0131lay\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imleri ve tedavi y\u00f6ntemleri \u00fczerine epidemiyolojik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirirler. Yeni bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada bilim insanlar\u0131 COVID-19\u2019a yakalanma riskimizi artt\u0131ran bir antropolojik neden ke\u015ffettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Kromozom 3\u2019te 6 farkl\u0131 gene yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\nbu genom par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n COVID-19 i\u00e7in ciddi hastal\u0131k riskini artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair\nge\u00e7enlerde \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma yay\u0131nland\u0131. Bu genom par\u00e7as\u0131, 60.000 y\u0131l\n\u00f6nce Neandertallerden aktar\u0131ld\u0131. Bilim insanlar\u0131 bu bahsetti\u011fimiz \u00f6zel\nsegmentin, koronavir\u00fcsten kaynaklanan ciddi hastal\u0131k riskini neden artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\nhen\u00fcz bilmiyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
\u015eekil 1. COVID-19 ile ili\u015fkili genetik varyantlar.<\/em>
<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

            Hen\u00fcz bilimsel bir dergide\nyay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f olan yeni bulgular bize modern sa\u011fl\u0131\u011fa dair baz\u0131 ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n\nantik tarih kaynakl\u0131 olu\u015funu g\u00f6steriyor. Princeton \u00dcniversitesinde genetik\u00e7i\nolan ve yeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya dahil olmayan Joshua Akey, \u201c60.000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce meydana gelen bu melezle\u015fme etkisi bug\u00fcn hala etkisini\ns\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor.\u201d<\/em> dedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

           Dr. P\u00e4\u00e4bo, DNA segmentinin, neden y\u00fcksek bir oranda Banglade\u015fli insanlar\u0131n COVID-19\u2019dan hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti\u011fini k\u0131smen a\u00e7\u0131klayabilece\u011fini s\u00f6yledi. Bu varyant insanlar\u0131n %63\u2019\u00fcn\u00fcn en az bir kopya ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 Banglade\u015f\u2019te \u015fu anda yayg\u0131n. G\u00fcney Asya\u2019n\u0131n tamam\u0131nda insanlar\u0131n neredeyse \u00fc\u00e7te biri bu segmenti miras alm\u0131\u015f durumda. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda farkl\u0131 k\u0131talarda, \u00e7ok daha az yayg\u0131n konumda. Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n yaln\u0131zca %8\u2019i bunu ta\u015f\u0131yor ve Do\u011fu Asya\u2019dakilerin ise sadece %4\u2019l\u00fck kesiminde bulunuyor. Afrika\u2019da ise hi\u00e7 yok.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Son 60.000 y\u0131lda bu da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 hangi evrimsel modelin \u00fcretti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k de\u011fil. Yeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n yazarlar\u0131ndan biri olan \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019teki Karolinska Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nden genetik\u00e7i Hugo Zeberg, \u201c\u0130\u015fte cevab\u0131 10.000 dolarl\u0131k soru bu.\u201d <\/em>dedi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
\u015eekil 2. Neandertal DNA\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n co\u011frafi da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, \u015fiddetli COVID-19 i\u00e7in risk tablosu.<\/em><\/strong> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

            Bir olas\u0131l\u0131k ise Neandertal geni\nta\u015f\u0131man\u0131n zararl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve her \u015feyden \u00f6nce gittik\u00e7e daha nadir hale gelmesidir.\nSegmentin G\u00fcney Asya\u2019daki insanlar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirip, belki de b\u00f6lgedeki\nvir\u00fcslere kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k tepkisi de sa\u011flamas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Almanya, Leipzig\u2019deki Max Planck\nEvrimsel Antropoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Dr. Zeberg\u2019in ortak yazar\u0131 Svante P\u00e4\u00e4bo, \u201cBu noktada bunun saf spek\u00fclasyon oldu\u011fu\nvurgulanmal\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d <\/em>dedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne\nCOVID-19\u2019un etkin oldu\u011fu insan gruplar\u0131n\u0131 daha net ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yorlar.\nYa\u015fl\u0131 insanlar\u0131n gen\u00e7lere ve erkeklerin kad\u0131nlara g\u00f6re daha fazla risk alt\u0131nda\nbulunmas\u0131 gibi yeni ger\u00e7ekler g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131yor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Genlerin de rolleri \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck. Ge\u00e7en\naylarda ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar \u0130talya ve \u0130spanya\u2019da COVID-19 ile \u00e7ok hasta olan\ninsanlar\u0131, yaln\u0131zca hafif enfeksiyonlar\u0131 olanlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Genomda daha\nb\u00fcy\u00fck bir riskle ili\u015fkili 2 farkl\u0131 nokta buldular. Biri Kromozom 9 \u00fczerinde ve\nkan grubunu belirleyen bir gen olan ABO\u2019yu i\u00e7eriyordu, di\u011feri ise Kromozom\n3\u2019teki Neandertal segmentiydi; ancak t\u00fcm bu genetik bulgular, koronavir\u00fcs ile\nenfekte olan daha fazla insan ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a h\u0131zla g\u00fcncelleniyor. Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz\nhaftalarda \u201cCOVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative\u201d adl\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 bir bilim\ninsan\u0131 grubu, kan grubu riskini k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseyen yeni bir veri seti yay\u0131nlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            T\u00fcm bu yeni veriler, hastal\u0131k ve Kromozom 3 segmenti aras\u0131nda daha da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ba\u011flant\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi. Varyant\u0131n iki kopyas\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan ki\u015filerin a\u011f\u0131r hastal\u0131klara yakalanma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 varyant\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mayanlara g\u00f6re \u00fc\u00e7 kat daha fazlad\u0131r. Yeni veri y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra, Dr. Zeberg Kromozom 3 segmentinin Neandertallerden ge\u00e7ip ge\u00e7medi\u011fini bulmaya karar verdi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Yakla\u015f\u0131k 60.000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, modern\ninsanlar\u0131n baz\u0131 atalar\u0131 Afrika\u2019dan yola \u00e7\u0131karak Avrupa, Asya ve Avusturalya\u2019ya\nula\u015ft\u0131. Bu insanlar, Neandertallerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131 ve melezle\u015fti. Neandertal\nDNA\u2019s\u0131 gen havuzumuza girdikten sonra, Neandertallerin neslinin t\u00fckenmesinden\n\u00e7ok sonra bile nesiller boyunca yay\u0131ld\u0131. \u00c7o\u011fu Neandertal geninin modern\ninsanlar i\u00e7in zararl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bunlar insanlar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde\nbir y\u00fck olu\u015fturmu\u015f ve \u00e7ocuk sahibi olmalar\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olabilir. Sonu\u00e7\nolarak, Neandertal genleri daha nadir hale geldiler ve \u00e7o\u011fu gen havuzumuzda\nkayboldu; ancak baz\u0131 genlerin evrimsel bir avantaj sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve olduk\u00e7a\nyayg\u0131n olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebiliyoruz. May\u0131s ay\u0131nda yine Max Planck Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nden\nDr. Zeberg, Dr. P\u00e4\u00e4bo ve Dr. Jenet Kelso, Avrupal\u0131 kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te birinde\nNeandertal hormonu resept\u00f6r\u00fc oldu\u011funu ke\u015ffettiler. Bu do\u011furganl\u0131\u011f\u0131n artmas\u0131 ve\ndaha az d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckle ili\u015fkili.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Dr. Zeberg, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yayg\u0131n olan di\u011fer Neandertal genlerinin vir\u00fcsle sava\u015fmam\u0131za bile yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu\u011funu biliyordu. Modern insanlar Asya ve Avrupa\u2019ya yay\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131nda, Neandertallerin hali haz\u0131rda savunma mekanizmas\u0131 geli\u015ftirmi\u015f olduklar\u0131 yeni vir\u00fcslerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f olabilirler. O zamandan beri bu genleri elimizde tutuyoruz. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n            Dr. Zeberg, Neandertal\ngenomlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i veritaban\u0131ndaki Kromozom 3\u2019e bakt\u0131. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n \u015fiddetli\nCOVID-19 riskini artt\u0131ran versiyonunun 50.000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce H\u0131rvatistan\u2019da ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f\nbir Neandertalde bulunan versiyonuyla ayn\u0131 oldu\u011funu buldu.\n\n\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
\u015eekil 3. Bir Neandertal iskeletini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131. C: Gailan Haji<\/em><\/strong> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

            \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmaya dahil olmayan Vanderbilt\n\u00dcniversitesinden bir genetik\u00e7i olan Tony Capra, Neandertal DNA par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n\nba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta bir fayda sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n makul oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu, hatta\nbelki di\u011fer vir\u00fcslere kar\u015f\u0131 bile. \u201cAma bu\n40.000 y\u0131l \u00f6nceydi ve \u015fimdi buraday\u0131z.\u201d <\/em>dedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

           Eski vir\u00fcslere kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015fe yarayan bir ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k tepkisinin yeni koronavir\u00fcse kar\u015f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 tepki g\u00f6stermesi olas\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eiddetli COVID-19 vakalar\u0131 ge\u00e7iren insanlar tipik olarak bunu yaparlar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemleri, akci\u011ferleri yaralayan ve iltihaplanmaya neden olan kontrols\u00fcz sald\u0131r\u0131lar ba\u015flat\u0131r. Dr. Zeberg ve di\u011fer ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar daha fazla hastay\u0131 incelerken, bu Neandertal segmentinin COVID-19 ile g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ba\u011f kurmaya devam edip etmedi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k bir soru ve neden baz\u0131 yerlerde bu kadar yayg\u0131n hale gelip di\u011ferlerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi\u011fini anlamak i\u00e7in, modern insan\u0131n eski fosillerindeki bu segmentin ke\u015ffi gerekebilir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \u0130lerleyen ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla birlikte bu genom hakk\u0131nda daha fazla bilgiye ula\u015faca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z kesin. Ancak Dr. Zeberg, t\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fczdeki bu DNA par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n 60.000 y\u0131ll\u0131k yolculu\u011funun bug\u00fcn neden bu kadar tehlikeli oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klamaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilece\u011fini s\u00f6yledi. \u201cOnun evrimsel tarihi bize baz\u0131 ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 verebilir.\u201d <\/em>diyerek destekledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.07.03.186296<\/a><\/li>
  2. The New York Times, Carl Zimmer, 4 Haziran 2020.<\/em><\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Antropoloji; sosyolojiden biyolojiye, paleontolojiden co\u011frafyaya, t\u0131ptan felsefeye, jeolojiden arkeolojiye, psikolojiden iktisadi bilimlere hemen her bilim dal\u0131yla yak\u0131n temastad\u0131r. Farkl\u0131 konularla<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":359,"featured_media":7912,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[5,19,165],"tags":[1088,653,693,274,115,267,1086,1068],"acf":[],"views":722,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7595"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/359"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7595"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7595\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7909,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7595\/revisions\/7909"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7912"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7595"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7595"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7595"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}