{"id":8047,"date":"2020-10-23T01:14:20","date_gmt":"2020-10-22T22:14:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=8047"},"modified":"2020-10-23T01:20:54","modified_gmt":"2020-10-22T22:20:54","slug":"2020-nobel-fizyoloji-ve-tip-odulu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/2020-nobel-fizyoloji-ve-tip-odulu\/","title":{"rendered":"2020 Nobel Fizyoloji ve T\u0131p \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<ul class=\"wp-container-2 wp-block-gallery-1 wp-block-gallery columns-1 is-cropped\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/nobel-genel-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"8057\" data-link=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?attachment_id=8057\" class=\"wp-image-8057\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/nobel-genel.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/nobel-genel-400x267.jpg 400w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/nobel-genel-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/nobel-genel-110x73.jpg 110w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/nobel-genel-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/nobel-genel-645x430.jpg 645w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Kaynak: Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu yaz\u0131 05\/10\/2020 tarihinde www.nobelprize.org adl\u0131 sitede yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>\u00d6ZET<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Bu y\u0131lki Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131nda ya\u015fayan insanlarda siroza ve karaci\u011fer kanserine neden olan ve k\u00fcresel sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131ndan biri olan, kan yoluyla bula\u015fan hepatite kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelede belirleyici bir katk\u0131da bulunan \u00fc\u00e7 bilim insan\u0131na verildi. Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton ve Charles M. Rice, yeni bir vir\u00fcs olan Hepatit C vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunan ufuk a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 ke\u015fifler yapt\u0131. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce Hepatit A ve B vir\u00fcslerinin ke\u015ffi, ileriye y\u00f6nelik kritik ad\u0131mlar olmu\u015ftu; ancak kan yoluyla bula\u015fan hepatit vakalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131klanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hepatit C vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ke\u015ffi, tan\u0131mlanamayan hepatit vakalar\u0131n\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatt\u0131; bunun sonucunda kan testi ve yeni ila\u00e7lar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><strong>Hepatit &#8211; insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na k\u00fcresel bir tehdit<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Hepatit yani karaci\u011fer iltihab\u0131 , Hepatitis kavram\u0131 Yunanca karaci\u011fer ve iltihap kelimesinin kombinasyonudur, esas olarak viral enfeksiyonlardan kaynaklan\u0131r; ancak alkol k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131m\u0131, \u00e7evresel toksinler ve otoimm\u00fcn hastal\u0131k da \u00f6nemli nedenlerdir. 1940&#8217;larda, bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hepatitin iki ana t\u00fcr\u00fc oldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.\u00a0 Hepatit A olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan birincisi, kirli su veya yiyeceklerle bula\u015f\u0131yordu ve genellikle hastaya uzun vadede zarar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fcyordu. \u0130kinci tip olan hepatit ise kan ve v\u00fccut s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131 yoluyla bula\u015f\u0131yor ve siroz ve karaci\u011fer kanseri geli\u015fmesiyle birlikte kronik bir duruma yol a\u00e7abilece\u011finden \u00e7ok daha ciddi bir tehdit olu\u015fturuyordu. Ayr\u0131ca di\u011fer hepatit sinsiydi, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bireyler ciddi komplikasyonlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmadan sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bireyler de enfekte \u015fekilde gezebiliyordu. Kan yoluyla bula\u015fan hepatit, \u00f6nemli morbidite ve mortalite ile ili\u015fkilidiydi ve d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda y\u0131lda bir milyondan fazla \u00f6l\u00fcme neden oluyordu, bu y\u00f6n\u00fc onun HIV enfeksiyonu ve t\u00fcberk\u00fcloz ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir \u00f6l\u00e7ekte k\u00fcresel sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunu haline getirmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-container-4 wp-block-gallery-3 wp-block-gallery columns-1 is-cropped\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"631\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/hepatit-fig\u00fcr-1-1024x631.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"8048\" data-link=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?attachment_id=8048\" class=\"wp-image-8048\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/hepatit-fig\u00fcr-1-1024x631.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/hepatit-fig\u00fcr-1-400x247.jpg 400w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/hepatit-fig\u00fcr-1-768x474.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/hepatit-fig\u00fcr-1-110x68.jpg 110w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/hepatit-fig\u00fcr-1-420x259.jpg 420w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/hepatit-fig\u00fcr-1-697x430.jpg 697w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/hepatit-fig\u00fcr-1.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>G\u00f6rsel 1: Hepatitin iki ana formu vard\u0131r. Birincisi, Hepatit A vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn neden oldu\u011fu kontamine su veya yiyeceklerle bula\u015fan akut form. Di\u011feri ise Hepatit B ve Hepatit C vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn neden oldu\u011fu form. Kan yoluyla bula\u015fan bu form, genellikle siroz ve hepatosell\u00fcler karsinoma gibi kronik hastal\u0131klara neden olur. <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2><strong>Bilinmeyen bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">1960&#8217;larda Baruch Blumberg, kan yoluyla bula\u015fan hepatitin\nbir t\u00fcr\u00fcne Hepatit B vir\u00fcs\u00fc olarak bilinen bir vir\u00fcs\u00fcn neden oldu\u011funu belirledi\nve bu ke\u015fif, te\u015fhis testlerinin ve etkili bir a\u015f\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131.\nBlumberg, bu ke\u015ffi i\u00e7in 1976&#8217;da Nobel Fizyoloji veya T\u0131p \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc&#8217;ne lay\u0131k\ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">O s\u0131rada, ABD Ulusal Sa\u011fl\u0131k Enstit\u00fcleri&#8217;nden Harvey J.\nAlter, kan transf\u00fczyonu alm\u0131\u015f hastalarda hepatit olu\u015fumunu inceliyordu. Yeni\nke\u015ffedilen Hepatit B vir\u00fcs\u00fc i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan kan testleri, transf\u00fczyonla ili\u015fkili\nhepatit vakalar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 azaltm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; fakat Alter ve meslekta\u015flar\u0131 geri\nkalan vaka say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n hala endi\u015fe verici oldu\u011funu fark etmi\u015flerdi. Hepatit A\nvir\u00fcs\u00fc enfeksiyonu i\u00e7in testler de bu s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda geli\u015ftirildi ve bu\na\u00e7\u0131klanamayan vakalar\u0131n nedeninin Hepatit A olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Hala kan\ntransf\u00fczyonu alanlar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda bilinmeyen bir enfeksiyon etkenine\nba\u011fl\u0131 olarak kronik hepatit geli\u015fmesi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir endi\u015fe kayna\u011f\u0131yd\u0131. Alter ve arkada\u015flar\u0131,\nbu hepatit hastalar\u0131ndan gelen kan\u0131n, hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 insanlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda duyarl\u0131 tek\nkonak olan \u015fempanzelere aktarabilece\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi. Devam\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131,\ntan\u0131mlanamayan bu bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 ajan\u0131n bir vir\u00fcs karakterine sahip oldu\u011funu da\ng\u00f6sterdi. Alter yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 metodik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar sonucu farkl\u0131 bir kronik viral\nhepatit formunu tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Gizemli hastal\u0131k \u201cnon-A, non-B\u201d hepatit olarak an\u0131lmaya\nba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><strong>Hepatit C vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"> Yeni vir\u00fcs\u00fcn tam olarak tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 y\u00fcksek \u00f6ncelikliydi. Vir\u00fcs avlamak i\u00e7in t\u00fcm geleneksel teknikler kullan\u0131ld\u0131ysa da vir\u00fcs on y\u0131ldan fazla bir s\u00fcre izolasyondan ka\u00e7may\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Chiron adl\u0131 farmas\u00f6tik \u015firketi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Michael Houghton, vir\u00fcs\u00fcn genetik dizisini izole etmek i\u00e7in gereken zorlu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara ba\u015flad\u0131. Houghton ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, enfekte bir \u015fempanzenin kan\u0131nda bulunan n\u00fckleik asitlerden DNA par\u00e7alar\u0131 koleksiyonu olu\u015fturdu. Vir\u00fcse kar\u015f\u0131 antikorlar\u0131n hepatit hastalar\u0131ndan al\u0131nan kanda mevcut olaca\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, viral proteinleri kodlayan klonlanm\u0131\u015f viral  DNA par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in hasta serumlar\u0131 kulland\u0131. Kapsaml\u0131 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, bir pozitif klon bulundu. Daha ileri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, bu klonun Flavivir\u00fcs ailesine ait yeni bir RNA vir\u00fcs\u00fcnden t\u00fcretildi\u011fini ve Hepatit C vir\u00fcs\u00fc olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-container-6 wp-block-gallery-5 wp-block-gallery columns-1 is-cropped\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"399\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/hepatit-fig\u00fcr-2-1-1024x399.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"8051\" data-link=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?attachment_id=8051\" class=\"wp-image-8051\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/hepatit-fig\u00fcr-2-1-1024x399.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/hepatit-fig\u00fcr-2-1-400x156.jpg 400w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/hepatit-fig\u00fcr-2-1-768x300.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/hepatit-fig\u00fcr-2-1-110x43.jpg 110w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/hepatit-fig\u00fcr-2-1-420x164.jpg 420w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/hepatit-fig\u00fcr-2-1-770x300.jpg 770w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/hepatit-fig\u00fcr-2-1.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br><br><br> <br> <br> Harvey J. Alter&#8217;in transf\u00fczyonla ili\u015fkili hepatitin metodik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, bilinmeyen bir vir\u00fcs\u00fcn kronik hepatitin yayg\u0131n bir nedeni oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi. Michael Houghton, Hepatit C vir\u00fcs\u00fc olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan yeni vir\u00fcs\u00fcn genomunu izole etmek i\u00e7in denenmemi\u015f bir strateji kulland\u0131. Charles M. Rice, Hepatit C vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn tek ba\u015f\u0131na hepatite neden olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6steren son kan\u0131t\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.  <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Hepatit C vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ke\u015ffi belirleyici oldu; ama bulmacan\u0131n\ntemel bir par\u00e7as\u0131 eksikti: vir\u00fcs tek ba\u015f\u0131na hepatite neden olabilir mi? Bu\nsoruyu cevaplamak i\u00e7in bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n, klonlanan vir\u00fcs\u00fcn replikasyon yap\u0131p hastal\u0131\u011fa\nneden olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 gerekiyordu. St. Louis&#8217;deki Washington\n\u00dcniversitesi&#8217;nden Charles M. Rice, RNA vir\u00fcsleriyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan di\u011fer gruplarla\nbirlikte, Hepatit C vir\u00fcs\u00fc genomunun son k\u0131sm\u0131nda vir\u00fcs replikasyonu i\u00e7in\n\u00f6nemli olabilece\u011finden \u015f\u00fcphelendikleri daha \u00f6nce tan\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f bir b\u00f6lgeyi fark\nettiler. Rice ayr\u0131ca izole edilmi\u015f vir\u00fcs \u00f6rneklerinde genetik varyasyonlar\u0131\ng\u00f6zlemledi ve baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n vir\u00fcs replikasyonunu engelleyece\u011fiyle ilgili\nhipotezler ortaya att\u0131. Genetik m\u00fchendisli\u011fi tekniklerini kullanan Rice, viral\ngenomun yeni tan\u0131mlanan b\u00f6lgesini i\u00e7eren ve inaktive edici genetik\nvaryasyonlardan yoksun bir Hepatit C vir\u00fcs RNA varyant\u0131 \u00fcretti. Bu RNA\n\u015fempanzelerin karaci\u011ferine enjekte edildi\u011finde \u015fempanzelerin kanlar\u0131nda vir\u00fcs\ntespit edildi, hatta kronik hasta olan insanlarda g\u00f6r\u00fclenlere benzer patolojik\nde\u011fi\u015fiklikler g\u00f6zlediler. Bu, tek ba\u015f\u0131na Hepatit C vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn, a\u00e7\u0131klanamayan\ntransf\u00fczyon arac\u0131l\u0131 hepatit vakalar\u0131na neden olabilece\u011finin son kan\u0131t\u0131yd\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcll\u00fc bu ke\u015ffin \u00f6nemi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcll\u00fc Hepatit C vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc ke\u015ffi, viral hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 devam eden sava\u015fta \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131md\u0131r. Ke\u015fifleri sayesinde, vir\u00fcs i\u00e7in son derece hassas kan testleri art\u0131k mevcut ve bunlar, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok yerinde transf\u00fczyon sonras\u0131 hepatiti ortadan kald\u0131rarak k\u00fcresel sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde iyile\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Ke\u015fifleri ayr\u0131ca, hepatit C&#8217;ye y\u00f6nelik antiviral ila\u00e7lar\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde geli\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Tarihte ilk kez, bu hastal\u0131k art\u0131k tedavi edilebilir hale geldi ve bu da Hepatit C vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fcnyadan yok etme umudunu artt\u0131r\u0131yor. Bu amaca ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in, kan testini kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran ve antiviral ila\u00e7lar\u0131 d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda kullan\u0131ma sunan uluslararas\u0131 bir \u00e7abaya ihtiya\u00e7 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-container-8 wp-block-gallery-7 wp-block-gallery columns-1 is-cropped\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"447\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/hepatit-fig\u00fcr-3-1024x447.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"8052\" data-link=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?attachment_id=8052\" class=\"wp-image-8052\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/hepatit-fig\u00fcr-3-1024x447.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/hepatit-fig\u00fcr-3-400x175.jpg 400w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/hepatit-fig\u00fcr-3-768x335.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/hepatit-fig\u00fcr-3-110x48.jpg 110w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/hepatit-fig\u00fcr-3-420x183.jpg 420w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/hepatit-fig\u00fcr-3-770x336.jpg 770w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/hepatit-fig\u00fcr-3.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>G\u00f6rsel 3: \u00dc\u00e7 ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc payla\u015f\u0131lan ke\u015fif, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc etkileyen transf\u00fczyonla bula\u015fan hepatit riskini ortadan kald\u0131racak olan hassas testlerin tasarlanmas\u0131na izin verdi.  Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck ke\u015fif ayn\u0131 zamanda k\u00fcr sa\u011flayabilecek olan antiviral ila\u00e7lar\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Hepatit C \u00f6nemli bir k\u00fcresel sa\u011fl\u0131 sorunu olmaya devam etse de, onu eradike etmek i\u00e7in elimizde f\u0131rsatlar vard\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-container-10 wp-block-gallery-9 wp-block-gallery columns-3 is-cropped\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/harvey-alter-1-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"8054\" data-link=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?attachment_id=8054\" class=\"wp-image-8054\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/harvey-alter-1-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/harvey-alter-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/harvey-alter-1-250x250.jpg 250w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/harvey-alter-1-125x125.jpg 125w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/harvey-alter-1-110x110.jpg 110w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/harvey-alter-1-420x420.jpg 420w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/harvey-alter-1-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption> <br>\u00a9 Nobel Media. Ill. Niklas Elmehed.<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/medicine\/2020\/alter\/facts\/\">Harvey J. Alter<\/a> <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/michael-h-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"8055\" data-link=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?attachment_id=8055\" class=\"wp-image-8055\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/michael-h-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/michael-h-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/michael-h-250x250.jpg 250w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/michael-h-125x125.jpg 125w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/michael-h-110x110.jpg 110w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/michael-h-420x420.jpg 420w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/michael-h-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption> <br>\u00a9 Nobel Media. Ill. Niklas Elmehed.<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/medicine\/2020\/houghton\/facts\/\">Michael Houghton<\/a> <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/charles-rice-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"8056\" data-link=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?attachment_id=8056\" class=\"wp-image-8056\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/charles-rice-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/charles-rice-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/charles-rice-250x250.jpg 250w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/charles-rice-125x125.jpg 125w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/charles-rice-110x110.jpg 110w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/charles-rice-420x420.jpg 420w, https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/charles-rice-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption> <br>\u00a9 Nobel Media. Ill. Niklas Elmehed.<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/medicine\/2020\/rice\/facts\/\">Charles M. Rice<\/a> <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Harvey J. Alter<\/strong>, 1935&#8217;te New York&#8217;ta do\u011fdu. Rochester\n\u00dcniversitesi T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesi&#8217;ndeki t\u0131p e\u011fitiminin ard\u0131ndan Strong Memorial ve\nSeattle \u00dcniversite Hastanelerinde dahiliye e\u011fitimi ald\u0131. 1961&#8217;de Ulusal Sa\u011fl\u0131k\nEnstit\u00fcleri&#8217;ne (NIH) klinik ortak olarak kat\u0131ld\u0131. 1969&#8217;da NIH Transf\u00fczyon\nB\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne k\u0131demli ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 olarak kat\u0131lmak i\u00e7in NIH&#8217;ye d\u00f6nmeden \u00f6nce\nGeorgetown \u00dcniversitesi&#8217;nde birka\u00e7 y\u0131l ge\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Michael Houghton,<\/strong> Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k&#8217;ta do\u011fdu. Doktora\nderecesini King\u2019s College London&#8217;dan 1977&#8217;de ald\u0131. 1982&#8217;de Chiron Corporation,\nEmeryville, California&#8217;ya ta\u015f\u0131nmadan \u00f6nce GD Searle &amp; Company&#8217;ye kat\u0131ld\u0131.\n2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda Alberta \u00dcniversitesi&#8217;ne ge\u00e7ti ve \u015fu anda CERC(Canada Excellence\nResearch Chair)\u2019de viroloji alan\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 devam ettiriyor ve ayn\u0131\nzamanda Alberta \u00dcniversitesi&#8217;ndeki Li Ka Shing Viroloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde\nUygulamal\u0131 Viroloji direkt\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Charles M. Rice<\/strong>, 1952&#8217;de Sacramento&#8217;da do\u011fdu. California\nTeknoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc&#8217;nden 1981 y\u0131l\u0131nda ald\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 kurumda doktora sonras\u0131\nara\u015ftr\u0131mac\u0131 olarak devam etti. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma grubunu 1986&#8217;da Washington University\nSchool of Medicine, St Louis&#8217;de kurdu ve 1995&#8217;te profes\u00f6r oldu. 2001&#8217;den beri\nNew York Rockefeller \u00dcniversitesi&#8217;nde Profes\u00f6r olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. 2001-2018\nd\u00f6neminde, halen aktif oldu\u011fu Rockefeller \u00dcniversitesi Hepatit C Ara\u015ft\u0131rma\nMerkezi Bilimsel ve \u0130dari Direkt\u00f6r\u00fc olarak g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n\nIllustrations: \u00a9 The Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine. Illustrator: Mattias Karl\u00e9n\n\n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bu yaz\u0131 05\/10\/2020 tarihinde www.nobelprize.org adl\u0131 sitede yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6ZET Bu y\u0131lki Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131nda ya\u015fayan insanlarda siroza<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":342,"featured_media":8049,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[572,1268,453,1267,34],"acf":[],"views":938,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8047"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/342"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8047"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8047\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8060,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8047\/revisions\/8060"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8049"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8047"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8047"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8047"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}