{"id":8103,"date":"2020-10-28T11:25:49","date_gmt":"2020-10-28T08:25:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=8103"},"modified":"2020-10-28T11:23:45","modified_gmt":"2020-10-28T08:23:45","slug":"delikli-kafataslari-ve-trepanasyon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/delikli-kafataslari-ve-trepanasyon\/","title":{"rendered":"Delikli Kafataslar\u0131 ve Trepanasyon"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Binlerce y\u0131l \u00f6nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f insanlar kafatas\u0131n\u0131 delerek bir t\u00fcr beyin cerrahisi mi uyguluyordu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Literat\u00fcrdeki ad\u0131 “Trepanasyon” <\/em>olan bu sistem, keskin bir aletle kafatas\u0131nda delik a\u00e7may\u0131 i\u00e7eriyordu. Bug\u00fcne dek, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok b\u00f6lgesindeki arkeolojik alanlarda kafatas\u0131nda delik olan binlerce iskelet bulunuyor; fakat bilim insanlar\u0131 eski insanlar\u0131n neden bu y\u00f6nteme ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu konusunda hen\u00fcz anla\u015fmaya varm\u0131\u015f de\u011fil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Delikli kafatas\u0131<\/strong>
Kaynak: Wikimedia Commons 
<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trepanasyon, Yunanca \u201cTrypanon\u201d kelimesinden k\u00f6ken al\u0131r ve \u201cDelik\u201d, \u201cDelgi\u201d, \u201cBurgu\u201d anlam\u0131na gelir. N\u00f6ro\u015fir\u00fcrjiyenler taraf\u0131ndan pek kullan\u0131lmamakla beraber, antropologlar taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nan makalelerde s\u0131kl\u0131kla \u201cKafatas\u0131 Delgi Operasyonu\u201d diye ge\u00e7ti\u011fini g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Tam anlam\u0131 ile kafatas\u0131nda se\u00e7ilen bir b\u00f6lgede, kafa derisi s\u0131yr\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, belli bir par\u00e7an\u0131n, belli bir ama\u00e7 i\u00e7inde ve belli bir teknik ile \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131p al\u0131nmas\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaz\u0131larda bulunan binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k kafataslar\u0131nda g\u00f6zlenen deliklerin, 1870\u2019li y\u0131llara kadar sadece silahla al\u0131nan darbeler, kazalar ya da \u00f6l\u00fcmden sonra dinsel t\u00f6renler nedeniyle olu\u015ftu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Ta ki, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6revlendirilerek Peru\u2019ya g\u00f6nderilen Ephraim George Squier\u2019a kadar. Squier hem bir diplomat hem de arkeologdu. Kendisine g\u00f6sterilen bir kafatas\u0131ndaki defekti, Frans\u0131z hekim Paul Broca\u2019ya dan\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. 1839\u2019da Morton taraf\u0131ndan, G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019da bulunan kafatas\u0131ndaki deliklerin \u00f6ncelikle balta gibi aletlerle yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc; ancak Squier\u2019in buldu\u011fu kafatas\u0131ndaki delik, rastgele de\u011fil, bir cerrah\u0131n elinden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f kadar d\u00fczg\u00fcn kenarl\u0131yd\u0131. Deli\u011fin etraf\u0131ndaki kemik yap\u0131n\u0131n periosttan s\u0131yr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, inflamasyon geli\u015fmesi ve keskin kemik s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 nedeniyle Paul Broca taraf\u0131ndan Frans\u0131z akademisine, deli\u011fin ki\u015fi canl\u0131 iken olu\u015fturulmu\u015f\u0327 oldu\u011fu bildiriliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Canl\u0131 insanlara uygulanan trepanasyon i\u015flemi<\/strong>
Kaynak: Wikimedia Commons <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Bu, o zamana kadar t\u00fcm bilinenleri k\u00f6kten de\u011fi\u015ftiriyordu. \u0130spanya, Portekiz, Almanya, \u00c7ekoslovakya, \u0130sko\u00e7ya, Balt\u0131k \u00fclkeleri ve Rusya\u2019dan ard\u0131 ard\u0131na h\u0131zla bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131na yeni trepanasyonlu kafatas\u0131 olgular\u0131 giriyordu. Fransa\u2019da neolitik d\u00f6neme ait \u00e7ok say\u0131da trepanasyonlu kafatas\u0131 bulunup kayda ge\u00e7iyor. \u00c7ekoslovakya, Romanya ve Yunanistan\u2019da neolitik d\u00f6nemde, Macaristan\u2019da M\u00d6 2. y\u00fczy\u0131lda trepanasyon yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Evliya \u00c7elebi\u2019nin yaz\u0131lar\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, Avusturya\u2019da da MS 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda bu giri\u015fimin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar tespit edilmi\u015f en eski trepanasyon olgusu ise, Filistin\u2019in Eriha b\u00f6lgesinde bulunmu\u015f ve mezolitik d\u00f6neme ait oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yaz\u0131l\u0131 tarihe bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda; Hipokrat 5. y\u00fczy\u0131lda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cKafa Yaralanmalar\u0131 \u00dcst\u00fcne\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 eserinde, her \u00e7e\u015fit kafa yaralanmas\u0131nda trepanasyonu \u00f6nerirken kullan\u0131lan alete de \u201cTrepanon\u201d diyor. Yaz\u0131l\u0131 Osmanl\u0131ca kaynaklarda ise ilk kez 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, \u015eerafeddin Sabuncuo\u011flu (1386-1470) hidrosefali tedavisi i\u00e7in de trepanasyona de\u011finiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcn bildi\u011fimiz haliyle n\u00f6ro\u015firurji ancak 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, art\u0131k trepanasyon gibi m\u00fcdahaleler de daha \u00e7ok tarih kitaplar\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu noktada en \u00e7ok akla gelen k\u0131s\u0131m ise insanlar bu i\u015flemleri neden ve nas\u0131l yap\u0131yordu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Trepanasyon<\/strong>
Kaynak: Wikimedia Commons <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta kimileri bunun sadece dini bir rit\u00fcel oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. O zamanlarda ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n mikroplar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan haberi yoktu. Bu sebeple mikroplar\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fc ajanlar ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck canl\u0131lar diye tabir edip kafatas\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Elinde cerrahi alet olan bir adam kafatas\u0131n\u0131 delerek a\u00e7\u0131yordu. \u0130\u00e7ine \u00e7e\u015fitli otlar doldurup, b\u00f6lgeyi metal ya da g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fle kapl\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rusya\u2019n\u0131n belli bir g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgesinde de bu t\u00fcr kafataslar\u0131na rastland\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtiliyor. Bu deliklerin kafatas\u0131n\u0131n obelion ad\u0131 verilen arka \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131nda olmas\u0131 kanama ve \u00f6l\u00fcm tehlikesine yol a\u00e7abiliyordu. \u00dcstelik bu kafataslar\u0131nda herhangi bir hastal\u0131k izine rastlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6yleniyor. Bu durum rit\u00fcel olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret ediyor olabilir miydi? Nisan 2016’da Amerikan Fiziki Antropoloji Dergisi’nde bir makale yay\u0131mland\u0131. Bu makaleye g\u00f6re; obelion b\u00f6lgesinde a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f delikler i\u00e7eren bu kafataslar\u0131, Rusya’n\u0131n bu b\u00f6lgesinin rit\u00fcel trepanasyon merkezi olabilece\u011fine i\u015faret ediyordu. Rus Bilimler Akademisi’nde konunun uzman\u0131 Maria Mednikova, bu deliklerin bir t\u00fcr d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm sa\u011flamak, toplumun s\u0131radan \u00fcyelerinin sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 baz\u0131 becerileri edinmek amac\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fine inan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2011 vaka \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n yazarlar\u0131na g\u00f6re ise, trepanasyon muhtemelen fiziksel yaralanmalardan zihinsel sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131na ve epilepsiye kadar de\u011fi\u015fen \u015fikayetleri tedavi etmeyi ama\u00e7l\u0131yor. T\u00fcm\u00f6rler, konv\u00fclsiyonlar, epilepsi, migren, bilin\u00e7 kayb\u0131, aralanma sonras\u0131 olu\u015fan kemik k\u0131ym\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 temizleme, p\u0131ht\u0131lar\u0131 alma ve davran\u0131\u015f de\u011fi\u015fikliklerini tedavi etmeye y\u00f6nelik terap\u00f6tik nedenler ile kafatas\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131klar\u0131 gibi travmalar\u0131n tedavisinde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, ilgin\u00e7 yerel adetlerden de bahsedilmektedir. Antropolog Crump\u2019\u0131n verdi\u011fi bilgiye g\u00f6re; Polonezya adalar\u0131ndan New Ireland’da g\u00fczel bir k\u0131z ya da yak\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 bir erke\u011fin, \u00f6mr\u00fc uzun olsun diye ba\u015f\u0131na trepanasyon uygulan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu i\u015flemin uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 insanlar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fu hemen \u00f6l\u00fcyordu. Buna ra\u011fmen y\u0131llarca ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirenlere de rastlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fc. Burada akl\u0131m\u0131za \u2018\u2019Bu i\u015flemden sonra y\u0131llarca ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgisini nerden ediniyoruz?\u2019\u2019 \u015feklinde bir soru gelebilir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015euradan anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki, kemik k\u0131r\u0131klar\u0131 kayna\u015f\u0131rken kalsifikasyon ad\u0131 verilen bir olu\u015fum g\u00f6zlenir ama ki\u015fi hemen \u00f6l\u00fcrse bu g\u00f6zlenemez. Bulunan kafataslar\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda kalsifikasyon g\u00f6zlendi\u011fi i\u00e7in ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
\u00c7e\u015fitli deliklere sahip kafataslar<\/strong>\u0131
Kaynak: Wikimedia Commons <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Antropolog John Verano National Geographic’e verdi\u011fi bir r\u00f6portajda b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla bu y\u00f6ntemin tesad\u00fcfen ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ancak bunun yararl\u0131 bir t\u0131bbi m\u00fcdahale olabilece\u011fini ke\u015ffetti\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcyor ve \u015f\u00f6yle s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018\u2019Kafaya al\u0131nan bir darbeden sonra kafa derisini temizlemek ve olabilecek k\u0131r\u0131k kemik par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmak gibi basit bir \u015fey olarak ba\u015flad\u0131. Bunun hayat kurtarabilecek bir tedavi oldu\u011funu erken ke\u015ffettiler. Trepanasyonun bilinci art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in ya da tamamen rit\u00fcel bir aktivite olarak yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na, ancak ciddi kafa travmas\u0131 olan hastalarla \u00f6zellikle de kafatas\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funa dair \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck kan\u0131tlar\u0131m\u0131z var.\u2019\u2019<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm bu ge\u00e7mi\u015f tarihlerde yap\u0131lan trepanasyonlar \u00fczerine \u00fcretilen teoriler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, yak\u0131n zamana hatta g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar uygulanmaya devam etti\u011fi bilinen k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerden daha net sonu\u00e7lar \u00e7\u0131karmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u00d6rne\u011fin; Kenya\u2019n\u0131n Kisii Kabilesinde bu i\u015flem, ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tedavi etmek i\u00e7in uygulanmaktad\u0131r. A\u011fr\u0131ya neden olan k\u00f6t\u00fc ruhun ya da baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerdeki kurtlar\u0131n delikten d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 inanc\u0131 hakimdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Guido da Vigevano\u2019ya ait eser<\/strong>
Kaynak: Flickr
<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Bu kadar farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu konunun sanatta bir\u00e7ok yans\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek de haliyle ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olmu\u015ftur. Bunlardan en bilinenleri, 14.y\u00fczy\u0131l ressam\u0131 Guido da Vigevano’nun bir eseridir. Bir di\u011feri ise Hieronymus Bosch\u2019a ait \u2018\u2019Delilik Ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7\u0131kart\u0131lmas\u0131\u2019\u2019 isimli tablodur. Bu tablo \u00fczerinde bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 yorum mevcuttur. Bunlara k\u0131saca de\u011finelim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Hieronymus Bosch\u2019a ait \u2018\u2019Delilik Ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7\u0131kart\u0131lmas\u0131\u2019\u2019 isimli tablo<\/strong>
Kaynak: Wikimedia Commons <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n hemen her yer yerinde ak\u0131l sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve huni aras\u0131nda bir ili\u015fki bulmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Huni geni\u015f a\u011fz\u0131 ve dar \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131yla k\u0131sa zamanda insana ak\u0131l fikir vermenin bir y\u00f6ntemi ve sembol\u00fc olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ruh sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerinde olmayan bir ki\u015finin k\u00f6t\u00fc ruhlar\u0131n\u0131 kovmak, zararl\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ak\u0131tmak, beynini havaland\u0131rmak ve bilgi sahibi olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak amac\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyenler mevcuttur. Bir di\u011fer yoruma g\u00f6re ise hunili olarak ameliyat\u0131 yapan ki\u015fi asl\u0131nda bir sahtekard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm edinilen bilgiler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda halen de\u011fi\u015fik fikirler \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcp \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Sebeplerin ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ise ge\u00e7mi\u015fin tozlu yapraklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda gizemini korumaya devam etmektedir. Peki ya, sizce bu bir cerrahi i\u015flem midir yoksa s\u0131radan bir rit\u00fcel mi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

KAYNAK\u00c7A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. MIT Press. \u2018\u2019A Hole in the Head: A History of Trepanation\u2019\u2019 (Last update: 29 August 2019) https:\/\/thereader.mitpress.mit.edu\/hole-in-the-head-trepanation\/<\/a><\/li>
  2. ScienceDirect. \u2018\u2019Survival after trepanation\u2014Early cranial surgery from Late Iron Age Switzerland\u2019\u2019 (Last update: 5 November 2015) https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1879981715300085<\/a><\/li>
  3. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Ethics. 2007;15(3):160-5 https:\/\/www.turkiyeklinikleri.com\/article\/tr-ilkcaglardan-beri-uygulanan-bir-cerrahi-yontem-trepanasyon-48918.html <\/a><\/li>
  4. T\u00fcrk N\u00f6ro\u015fir\u00fcrji Dergisi, 2005, Cilt: 15, Say\u0131: 1, 96-99<\/li>
  5. T\u00fcrk N\u00f6ro\u015fir\u00fcrji Dergisi, 2010, Cilt: 20, Say\u0131: 2, 70-75<\/li>
  6. Jinekolog Dr. Ka\u011fan Kocatepe. \u2018\u2019Deli olanlar neden huni takarlar? Trepanasyon ile tedavi\u2019\u2019 (Son g\u00fcncelleme: 15 May\u0131s 2017) https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=WNYl-iydhz0 <\/a><\/li>
  7. Uzm. Dr. \u015eahap Erko\u00e7.\u2019\u2019 Trepanasyon (Beyin Delme) \u0130\u015flemi Nedir?\u2019\u2019 (Son g\u00fcncelleme: 23 Ocak 2020) https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=AAbrTZN9ov8 <\/a><\/li>
  8. BBC News. \u2018\u2019 Atalar\u0131m\u0131z neden kafatas\u0131n\u0131 deliyordu?\u2019\u2019 (Son g\u00fcncelleme: 6 Eyl\u00fcl 2016) https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/turkce\/vert-earth-37286286 <\/a><\/li>
  9. Healthline Media. \u2018\u2019Curiosities of medical history: Trepanation\u2019\u2019 (Last update: 6 September 2019)https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326281<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Binlerce y\u0131l \u00f6nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f insanlar kafatas\u0131n\u0131 delerek bir t\u00fcr beyin cerrahisi mi uyguluyordu? Literat\u00fcrdeki ad\u0131 “Trepanasyon” olan bu sistem, keskin bir aletle<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":339,"featured_media":8110,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1,25,6],"tags":[1298,167,1293,1088,95,70,1283,73,243,1291,1285,1284,1303,426,1300,543,1295,266,1289,1302,1297,105,1287,1294,999,1292,965,1290,1201,265,1296,84,66,34,1282,1286],"acf":[],"views":1852,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8103"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/339"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8103"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8103\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8121,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8103\/revisions\/8121"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8110"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8103"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8103"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8103"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}