{"id":8292,"date":"2020-11-12T22:03:34","date_gmt":"2020-11-12T19:03:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=8292"},"modified":"2020-11-12T22:03:50","modified_gmt":"2020-11-12T19:03:50","slug":"olumsuz-hucreler-hela-hucreleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/olumsuz-hucreler-hela-hucreleri\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00d6l\u00fcms\u00fcz H\u00fccreler: HeLa H\u00fccreleri"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Henrietta Lacks, 29 Ocak 1951\u2019de o d\u00f6nemde Baltimore, Maryland b\u00f6lgesinde siyahileri tedavi eden tek hastaneye, Johns Hopkins Hastanesi\u2019ne, ba\u015fvurdu\u011funda kendisini bir y\u0131ldan k\u0131sa bir zaman i\u00e7erisinde \u00f6ld\u00fcrecek olan kanser h\u00fccrelerinin, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden onlarca y\u0131l sonra bile bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck edece\u011finden habersizdi. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

HeLa H\u00fccrelerinin Ke\u015ffi <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz insan h\u00fccre serisi olarak tarihe ge\u00e7en ve ke\u015ffedildi\u011fi g\u00fcnden bug\u00fcne insanl\u0131k tarihini de\u011fi\u015ftiren bir\u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada kullan\u0131lan HeLa h\u00fccrelerinin tarihi asl\u0131nda etik d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir biyopsi uygulamas\u0131na dayan\u0131yor. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde benimsedi\u011fimiz etik de\u011ferlerden olduk\u00e7a uzak t\u0131p uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n normal kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 o d\u00f6nemde, Henrietta Lacks\u2019ten herhangi bir onay al\u0131nmaks\u0131z\u0131n hastan\u0131n servikal dokusundan biyopsi al\u0131n\u0131yor ve me\u015fhur h\u00fccrelerimizin hikayesi burada ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Y\u0131llard\u0131r k\u00fclt\u00fcr i\u00e7erisinde b\u00f6l\u00fcnme kabiliyeti s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir h\u00fccre serisi geli\u015ftirme umuduyla farkl\u0131 kanser hastalar\u0131n\u0131n dokular\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir bilim insan\u0131 olan George Otto Gey\u2019in aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 Henrietta Lacks\u2019in biyopsisi ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan son buluyor ve h\u00fccreler d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndaki laboratuvarlarda yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131ma giriyor. Fakat Henrietta Lacks\u2019in ailesi de dahil olmak \u00fczere George Otto Gey d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki kimse HeLa h\u00fccrelerinin ger\u00e7ek kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Gey vefat edene kadar bilmiyordu. \u00a0Gey\u2019in vefat\u0131ndan sonra 1970 y\u0131l\u0131nda, HeLa h\u00fccreleriyle ayn\u0131 ortamdaki k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin kontaminasyona maruz kalmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan genetik analiz i\u00e7in Lacks ailesine ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 ile h\u00fccrelerin k\u00f6kenin ard\u0131ndaki s\u0131r perdesi aralanm\u0131\u015f oluyor. Henrietta\u2019n\u0131n h\u00fccrelerinin y\u0131llard\u0131r farkl\u0131 laboratuvarlarda defalarca kez onlardan habersizce \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n, belki de h\u00fccrenin ne demek oldu\u011funu bile bilmeyen yak\u0131nlar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015fok edici ve endi\u015fe verici bir bilgi oldu\u011fu muhakkak. Milyonlarca dolarl\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fck bir end\u00fcstri bu h\u00fccreler sayesinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015fken ailenin y\u0131llarca maddi s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar i\u00e7inde ya\u015famas\u0131 ise cabas\u0131. O d\u00f6nem Henrietta\u2019n\u0131n h\u00fccrelerinin kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile ilgili onaylar\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 isyan etseler de ailenin sesi kimse taraf\u0131ndan duyulmuyor. Lacks ailesinin y\u0131llarca g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilen bu etik m\u00fccadelesi, \u201cHenrietta Lacks\u2019in \u00d6l\u00fcms\u00fcz Ya\u015fam\u0131\u201d isimli kitab\u0131n 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rebecca Skloot taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nmas\u0131yla ge\u00e7 de olsa dikkat \u00e7ekiyor ve 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda hem Henrietta\u2019n\u0131n genetik materyalinin ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n telif hakk\u0131n\u0131 almay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131yorlar hem de h\u00fccrelerin geneti\u011fine dair bilgilerin herkese a\u00e7\u0131k ortamda servis edilmesini engelleyerek sadece onayl\u0131 proje ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yorlar. B\u00f6ylece y\u0131llarca hat\u0131ras\u0131 onurland\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f Henrietta Lacks\u2019in hat\u0131ras\u0131 da gecikmeli bir \u015fekilde onurland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oluyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Kaynak: Flickr<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

HeLa H\u00fccrelerini Di\u011fer H\u00fccrelerden Farkl\u0131 K\u0131lan Nedir?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

1951\u2019den bu yana bir\u00e7ok yeni \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz h\u00fccre serisi geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f olsa da \u00fczerinde y\u0131llard\u0131r \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00f6zelliklerinin iyi bilinmesi ve bu h\u00fccre grubunu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc k\u0131lan kendine has \u00f6zelliklere sahip olmas\u0131 sebebiyle HeLa h\u00fccreleri hala en \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lanlar aras\u0131nda. Gelin bu \u00f6zelliklere birlikte g\u00f6z atal\u0131m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hikayesinden bahsetti\u011fimiz HeLa h\u00fccrelerini ke\u015fiflerinden neredeyse 70 y\u0131l sonra bile bu kadar k\u0131ymetli k\u0131lan, di\u011fer h\u00fccrelerden farkl\u0131 en temel \u00f6zellikleri elbette sonsuz say\u0131da b\u00f6l\u00fcnebilmeleri. Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir h\u00fccreye g\u00f6re daha h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bilinen di\u011fer kanser h\u00fccreleriyle k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda dahi olduk\u00e7a h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131yorlar. B\u00f6l\u00fcnme say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n limitsizli\u011fini neye bor\u00e7lu olduklar\u0131n\u0131 sorgulayacak olursak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za Telomeraz enzimi \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Kromozom sonlar\u0131nda bulunan Telomer k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 her h\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinde biraz daha k\u0131salarak h\u00fccreye belli bir \u00f6m\u00fcr bi\u00e7iyor. Telomeraz enzimi sayesinde Telomerini s\u00fcrekli yenileyen HeLa h\u00fccreleri bu sayede \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fc\u011fe ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f durumda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Di\u011fer kanser h\u00fccreleri gibi HeLa\u2019lar da genomlar\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da mutasyon bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yorlar. Normal bir insan h\u00fccresi bildi\u011fimiz \u00fczere 46 kromozoma sahip iken HeLa h\u00fccreleri 76-80 civar\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r derecede mutasyonlu kromozomla kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Henrietta Lacks\u2019in vefat\u0131ndan y\u0131llar sonra anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere Servikal Kanser’in en \u00f6nemli sebebi HPV( Human Papilloma Virus). Bu mutasyonlara bu vir\u00fcs\u00fcn sebep oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Di\u011fer HPV ile enfekte olmu\u015f hastalardan Henrietta Lacks\u2019i neyin bu kadar farkl\u0131 k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 hala tam olarak bilinmese de HPV\u2019nin yan\u0131nda Sifiliz’e de sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131n, imm\u00fcn sistemi \u00fczerinde bask\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 bir etkisi oldu\u011fu ve olduk\u00e7a fazla say\u0131da mutasyonun h\u00fccrelerde k\u00fcmelenmesine katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hat\u0131rlayacak olursan\u0131z Lacks ailesinin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan haberdar olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan olay\u0131n ard\u0131nda HeLa h\u00fccrelerinin kontaminasyon yaratmaya yayg\u0131n karakterleri yat\u0131yordu. Bir\u00e7ok h\u00fccre serisine g\u00f6re daha az besin ve b\u00fcy\u00fcme fakt\u00f6r\u00fcne ihtiya\u00e7 duymas\u0131 h\u00fccrelerin \u00e7evre k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri kolayl\u0131kla kontamine ederek k\u00fclt\u00fcr ortam\u0131n\u0131 domine etmesini sa\u011flayabiliyor. Bu da HeLa\u2019y\u0131 \u00f6zel k\u0131lan \u00f6zelliklerden biri olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmakta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 HeLa H\u00fccrelerinin Bilime Kazand\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Servikal Kanser’in etkeninin HPV oldu\u011funu ortaya koyarak Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc kazanan Harald Zur Hausen\u2019e yol g\u00f6steren bulgulardan biri de HeLa h\u00fccrelerinde HPV’nin bir t\u00fcr\u00fc olan HPV18\u2019in bulundu\u011funu g\u00f6rmesiydi. Bu ke\u015ffin ard\u0131ndan \u00fcretilen HPV a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 ve ortaya konan HPV tarama stratejileri sayesinde Servikal Kanser ile m\u00fccadelede b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u015fama kat edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jonas Salk, \u00fcretti\u011fi Polio a\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n deneylerini yaparken hem Polio ile kolayl\u0131kla enfekte edilebilen hem de \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz olan HeLa h\u00fccrelerini kulland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hela H\u00fccreleri ilk kez Sputnik 6 ile uzaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olup\nsonras\u0131nda defalarca kez tekrar uzaya g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir. H\u00fccrelerin s\u0131f\u0131r\nyer\u00e7ekimi ortam\u0131nda da hasar almad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu h\u00fccreler, sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m bu geli\u015fmelerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131lama (inseminasyon) metodunun geli\u015ftirilmesinde, h\u00fccre k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc tekniklerinin geli\u015ftirilmesinde, gen haritalamas\u0131nda, kanser \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda ve daha sayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m nice kritik ve farkl\u0131 alanda bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131na hizmet etmi\u015ftir ve etmeye devam etmektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kendi \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyaya yadigar kalan \u201c\u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz\u201d h\u00fccreleriyle binlerce belki de milyonlarca insana ya\u015fam kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015f Henrietta Lacks\u2019i sayg\u0131yla an\u0131yorum. Lacks ailesinin hikayesini merak edenler i\u00e7in Henrietta Lacks\u2019in \u00d6l\u00fcms\u00fcz Ya\u015fam\u0131 isimli kitap veya kitab\u0131n uyarlamas\u0131 filmi \u015fiddetle tavsiye ediyorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Kaynak: Flickr<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Henrietta Lacks. (2020,\nNovember 05). Retrieved November 10, 2020, from https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henrietta_Lacks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nambisan, P. (2017). Relevance\nof Intellectual Property Rights in Biotechnology. In An Introduction to\nEthical, Safety and Intellectual Property Rights Issues in Biotechnology<\/em>.\nLondon: Academic Press an imprint of Elsevier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

HeLa cells: Origin of this\nimportant cell line in life science research. (2018, July 09). Retrieved\nNovember 10, 2020, from\nhttps:\/\/www.tebu-bio.com\/blog\/2017\/11\/28\/hela-cells-the-first-cell-line\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

MacDonald, A. (2019, October\n16). 5 Contributions HeLa Cells Have Made to Science. Retrieved November 10,\n2020, from\nhttps:\/\/www.technologynetworks.com\/cell-science\/lists\/5-contributions-hela-cells-have-made-to-science-305036<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dorocic, I., Haloupek, N.,\nHargraves, K., Gadye, L., Anonymous, Allissa, . . . Ford, C. (2019, December\n04). The good, the bad, and the HeLa. Retrieved November 10, 2020, from\nhttps:\/\/berkeleysciencereview.com\/article\/good-bad-hela\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lyapun, I.N., Andryukov, B.G. & Bynina,\nM.P. HeLa Cell Culture: Immortal Heritage of Henrietta Lacks. Mol. Genet. Microbiol. Virol.<\/em> 34, <\/strong>195\u2013200 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3103\/S0891416819040050<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lucey, B.P., Nelson-Rees, W.A., Hutchins,\nG.M., Henrietta Lacks, HeLa Cells and Cell Culture Contamination. Arch\nPathol Lab Med<\/em> (2009) 133 (9): 1463\u20131467.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Henrietta Lacks, 29 Ocak 1951\u2019de o d\u00f6nem siyahileri tedavi eden b\u00f6lgesindeki tek hastane olan Johns Hopkins\u2019e ba\u015fvurdu\u011funda kendisini bir y\u0131ldan k\u0131sa bir zaman i\u00e7erisinde \u00f6ld\u00fcrecek olan kanser h\u00fccrelerinin, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden onlarca y\u0131l sonra bile bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck edece\u011finden habersizdi. \ufeff<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":390,"featured_media":8347,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1,19,6],"tags":[1326,1327,1330,1328,1329],"acf":[],"views":1412,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8292"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/390"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8292"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8292\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8358,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8292\/revisions\/8358"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8347"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8292"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8292"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8292"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}