{"id":8393,"date":"2020-11-15T17:06:43","date_gmt":"2020-11-15T14:06:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=8393"},"modified":"2020-11-15T17:06:45","modified_gmt":"2020-11-15T14:06:45","slug":"bu-sen-olamazsin-phineas-gagein-sira-disi-hikayesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/bu-sen-olamazsin-phineas-gagein-sira-disi-hikayesi\/","title":{"rendered":"Bu Sen Olamazs\u0131n: Phineas Gage\u2019in S\u0131ra D\u0131\u015f\u0131 Hikayesi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBana benzeyen bir g\u00f6zlerim kald\u0131<\/em>
\nBir de kederli bak\u0131\u015flar\u0131m
\nD\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncemin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131
\nAynalarda ben var\u0131m
\n
\nYalan de\u011fil de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fim, yalan de\u011fil
\n\u015eimdi her \u015fark\u0131 beni a\u011flat\u0131r
\nDeli eden insan\u0131 zaman de\u011fil
\nZaman\u0131 unutmamak kah\u0131rd\u0131r\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcmit Ya\u015far O\u011fuzcan \/ Ayna<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13 Eyl\u00fcl 1848’de Vermont, Cavendish’de n\u00f6roloji tarihinde bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 haline gelmi\u015f, zihin ve beyin aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiye dair anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirecek inan\u0131lmaz bir olay ya\u015fand\u0131. Phineas Gage, demiryolu \u015firketinde ustaba\u015f\u0131yd\u0131. Vermont’u Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nin di\u011fer b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerine ba\u011flayacak olan demiryolu in\u015faat\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. G\u00f6revlerinden biri de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131 \u00fczerinde engel olu\u015fturan devasa kayalar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmakt\u0131. Bunun i\u00e7in kayaya ufak bir delik a\u00e7t\u0131ktan sonra uzun, demir bir s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7ubu\u011fu kullanarak onu barutla dolduruyor, ard\u0131ndan g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde patlat\u0131yordu; ta ki o g\u00fcne dek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O g\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde Gage\u2019in dikkati da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131, barut vaktinden \u00f6nce tutu\u015ftu ve be\u015f kilograml\u0131k demir \u00e7ubu\u011fu Gage’in sol yana\u011f\u0131ndan girip ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131kacak \u015fekilde h\u0131zla f\u0131rlatt\u0131. \u00c7ubuk, daha sonra kanla ve beyinle par\u00e7alar\u0131yla kapl\u0131 olarak olay yerine 25 metre uzakl\u0131kta yere g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc olarak bulundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gage ise inan\u0131lmaz derecede \u015fansl\u0131yd\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kafatas\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7en ve beynini parampar\u00e7a eden 1,25 in\u00e7 veya 3,25 cm \u00e7ap\u0131nda; 1,1 m uzunlu\u011funda bir \u00e7ubu\u011fa ra\u011fmen hayatta kalmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u015eekil
\u015eekil 1. Demir \u00e7ubu\u011fun kafatas\u0131nda izledi\u011fi yolun \u015fematik g\u00f6sterimi.<\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Referans olarak, bug\u00fcn z\u0131rhl\u0131 mevzilerde sava\u015f ara\u00e7lar\u0131na otomatik makineli t\u00fcfeklerden f\u0131rlat\u0131lan bir mermi 0,5 in\u00e7 veya 1,27 cm \u00e7ap\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bir insana kar\u015f\u0131 bundan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u015fey kullanmak, sava\u015f su\u00e7udur. Kimse buna dayanabilecek g\u00fc\u00e7te de\u011fildir, Phineas Gage\u2019in d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Di\u011fer i\u015f\u00e7ilerin\ns\u00f6ylediklerine g\u00f6re Gage kazadan birka\u00e7 dakika sonra kendine gelip aya\u011fa\nkalkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Doktora gitmek \u00fczere ka\u011fn\u0131ya do\u011fru rahat\u00e7a y\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, kasabaya kadar\nolan 1,2 km’lik yolculu\u011fu boyunca dik \u015fekilde oturmu\u015ftu. Doktoru Edward H.\nWilliams\u2019a ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda konu\u015fabiliyordu, hatta doktora iyi oldu\u011funa dair g\u00fcven\nvermi\u015fti. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra ise aya\u011fa kalk\u0131p sert bir \u015fekilde kusmu\u015f, o\nesnada beyninin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 yaralar\u0131ndan d\u0131\u015far\u0131 akm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dr. John Martin Harlow\u2019un\nda vakaya dahil olmas\u0131yla Dr. Williams\nve Harlow, sava\u015f alanlar\u0131 haricinde daha \u00f6nce hi\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f, a\u011f\u0131r ameliyatlar\nger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. Yaras\u0131 iki g\u00fcn kanamaya devam eden Gage, daha sonra bir ay\nboyunca yar\u0131 bayg\u0131n halde kalmas\u0131na sebep olacak \u015fiddetli bir enfeksiyona\nyakaland\u0131. Durumu o kadar k\u00f6t\u00fcyd\u00fc ki onun i\u00e7in bir tabut bile haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Dr.\nHarlow umutla tedaviye devam etti. Be\u015finci haftaya gelindi\u011finde enfeksiyon\ngerilemeye ba\u015flad\u0131 ve Gage bilincini geri kazand\u0131. Sol g\u00f6z\u00fc g\u00f6rm\u00fcyordu ve y\u00fcz\nkaslar\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczl\u00fck vard\u0131 ancak fokal n\u00f6rolojik defisiti<\/em>* yoktu. Hikaye\nburada bitmi\u015f olsayd\u0131, Gage\u2019in dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Dr. Harlow\u2019un terap\u00f6tik\nbecerisi konu\u015fulacak, belki bir s\u00fcre sonra da unutulacakt\u0131. Kazay\u0131 tarihi k\u0131lan\nas\u0131l k\u0131s\u0131m bundan sonra ya\u015fananlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*Fokal n\u00f6rolojik defisit<\/strong>: Beynin hasar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 v\u00fccudun herhangi bir b\u00f6lgesindeki motor i\u015flev kayb\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tedavisinden ard\u0131ndan Gage, ki\u015fili\u011finin de dramatik bir\n\u015fekilde etkilendi\u011fi uzun bir iyile\u015fme d\u00f6nemi ge\u00e7irdi. Dr. Harlow, Gage\u2019in fiziksel\niyile\u015fmesinin hemen ard\u0131ndan ki\u015fili\u011findeki de\u011fi\u015fime ili\u015fkin g\u00f6zlemlerinde onu \u015f\u00f6yle\ntan\u0131ml\u0131yordu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kazadan \u00f6nce onu en verimli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve en yetenekli ustaba\u015f\u0131 diye niteleyen i\u015fverenleri, zihnindeki de\u011fi\u015fimi o kadar belirgin buluyorlar ki eski i\u015fini ona tekrar veremediler. Gage d\u00fczensiz, sayg\u0131s\u0131z, a\u011fza al\u0131nmayacak k\u00fcf\u00fcrleri kullanmaktan \u00e7ekinmeyen (daha \u00f6nce asla kullanmazken), arkada\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcz birine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Kendi istekleri ile \u00e7at\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda en ufak k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 tavsiyeye bile dayanam\u0131yor. Hem a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede inat\u00e7\u0131 hem de havai ve karars\u0131z. Gelece\u011fe dair bir s\u00fcr\u00fc hareket plan\u0131 yap\u0131yor, yapar yapmaz da daha m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnen ba\u015fka planlar i\u00e7in vazge\u00e7iyor. Ge\u00e7mi\u015f olaylar\u0131 \u00e7ok iyi hat\u0131rl\u0131yor fakat entelekt\u00fcel kapasitesine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir \u00e7ocuktan farks\u0131z, hayvansal arzulara sahip. Hi\u00e7 okula gitmemi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen kazadan \u00f6nce \u00e7ok ak\u0131ll\u0131, mant\u0131kl\u0131, istikrarl\u0131 bir insand\u0131. Zihni radikal bir bi\u00e7imde de\u011fi\u015fti. Bu de\u011fi\u015fim o kadar net ki arkada\u015flar\u0131 ve tan\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 onun i\u00e7in, \u201cO art\u0131k eski Gage de\u011fil.\u201d diyorlar.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
\u015eekil 2. Phineas P. Gage ve me\u015fhur demir \u00e7ubu\u011fu.<\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Gage i\u015fsiz kal\u0131nca demir \u00e7ubu\u011fuyla birlikte New England’\u0131 dola\u015ft\u0131. Barnum Sirki\u2019nde merak edenler i\u00e7in demir \u00e7ubu\u011fuyla birlikte kendini sergiledi. Daha sonra, Vermont\u2019ta ve \u015eili’de ah\u0131rlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Zaman i\u00e7inde epilepsi geli\u015ftirmi\u015fti, s\u00fcrekli n\u00f6betler ge\u00e7iriyordu. 1860’da San Francisco’daki ailesinin yan\u0131na d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Ve en sonunda, me\u015fhur kazadan 12 y\u0131l sonra May\u0131s 1861’de Status epileptikus*<\/em> sebebiyle hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. Ard\u0131nda ise zihin ile beyin aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiye dair anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirecek b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici bir miras b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*Status epileptikus<\/strong>: 30 dakikadan uzun s\u00fcren tek n\u00f6bet veya bilincin a\u00e7\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, 30 dakikadan uzun s\u00fcren tekrarlayan n\u00f6betler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gage\u2019in ba\u015f\u0131na gelen s\u0131ra\nd\u0131\u015f\u0131 olay, \u0130sko\u00e7 n\u00f6rolog David Ferrier\u2019i prefrontal loblar\u0131n beyin\nfonksiyonundaki rol\u00fcn\u00fc ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya te\u015fvik etti. Ferrier, maymunlarda bu loblar\u0131\n\u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 denedi. Sonu\u00e7ta, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir fizyolojik de\u011fi\u015fiklik olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ancak\nhayvanlar\u0131n karakter ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini g\u00f6zlemledi. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde,\nbeynin prefrontal korteksinin temel i\u015flevinin k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli haf\u0131za, motor dikkat\nve inhibit\u00f6r kontrol oldu\u011fu, duygular ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n organizasyonunu kontrol\netti\u011fi iyice anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gage’in ki\u015fili\u011findeki de\u011fi\u015fiklik, asl\u0131nda tam\nda frontal lobun ventral y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn orbitofrontal korteksindeki hasarla tutarl\u0131\nolarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gage\u2019in kafatas\u0131 sonradan mezar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131p \u00fczerinde incelemeler yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bug\u00fcn hala \u00fcnl\u00fc demir \u00e7ubukla birlikte Boston\u2019daki Warren Anatomi M\u00fczesi’nde sergilenmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
\u015eekil 3. Gage’in kafatas\u0131 ve demir \u00e7ubuk, Warren Anatomi M\u00fczesi
Boston, ABD<\/em><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0130LER\u0130 OKUMALAR<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Damasio, Antonio R. Descartes\u2019\u0131n Yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131: Duygu,\nAk\u0131l ve \u0130nsan Beyni. <\/em>\u00c7eviri, Bahar Atlamaz. \u0130stanbul: Varl\u0131k Yay\u0131nlar\u0131,\n2006 https:\/\/docviewer.yandex.ru\/view\/0\/?*=GJPee5mux1QA6hjI5LCL9mrSgXJ7InVybCI6InlhLWRpc2stcHVibGljOi8vdFB4Qi9xVDFmdFNwVW9iWUM4TWpnaEZTUXRiaUZUWWZadzR4cm9wZ1lCTT0iLCJ0aXRsZSI6IkRlc2NhcnRlc2luIFlhbmlsZ2lzaSAxIC0gQW50b25pbyBSLiBEYW1hc2lvLnBkZiIsInVpZCI6IjAiLCJ5dSI6IjUwNzI5OTc0ODE1MzQwMTIzMzQiLCJub2lmcmFtZSI6ZmFsc2UsInRzIjoxNTM0MzEzNjExMjY3fQ%3D%3D<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Bilim ve Teknik, \u00c7a\u011f\u0131n Ter\u00f6r Olaylar\u0131n\u0131n Ard\u0131ndan: Su\u00e7\nBeyinde mi?<\/em> https:\/\/bilimteknik.tubitak.gov.tr\/pdf\/ekim-2001<\/a>  (407. Say\u0131, Ekim 2001)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. \u201cNo longer Gage\u201d: an iron bar through the head<\/em>, https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1114479\/<\/a>\n(19 Aral\u0131k 1998)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. The terrible, horrible, no-good treatment of Phineas\nGage, <\/em>https:\/\/medium.com\/@rossfloate\/the-terrible-horrible-no-good-treatment-of-phineas-gage-496121282cab<\/a>\n( 27 Mart 2018)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Living With Half a Brain: Phineas Gage,<\/em>  https:\/\/www.mcgill.ca\/oss\/article\/history\/living-half-brain-phineas-gage<\/a>   (31\nTemmuz  2018)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. \u00dcnl\u00fc Bir N\u00f6ropsikoloji Vakas\u0131: Phineas Gage, <\/em> https:\/\/mozartcultures.com\/unlu-bir-noropsikoloji-vakasi-phineas-gage\/<\/a>\n(6 Ekim 2020)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.<\/em> <\/em><\/strong>\u0130nsan Beyninin Sol Lobu Olmadan Ya\u015fayabilir mi? Phineas Gage Vakas\u0131<\/em> https:\/\/wannart.com\/icerik\/9162-insan-beynin-sol-lobu-olmadan-yasayabilir-mi-phineas-gage-vakasi<\/a>
(27 Nisan 2019) <\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. https:\/\/payload.cargocollective.com\/1\/10\/329527\/5120710\/Phineas_Gage_8.jpg<\/a> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cBana benzeyen bir g\u00f6zlerim kald\u0131 Bir de kederli bak\u0131\u015flar\u0131m D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncemin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Aynalarda ben var\u0131m Yalan de\u011fil de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fim, yalan de\u011fil \u015eimdi<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":338,"featured_media":8406,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1,25,19,6],"tags":[70,1339,1340,1342,1341,1325,283,1338,1180,1336,1343,1337,707],"acf":[],"views":1212,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8393"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/338"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8393"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8393\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8409,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8393\/revisions\/8409"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8406"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8393"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8393"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8393"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}