OSMANLI SON YILLARI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nD\u00fcnyada ilk tif\u00fcs a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 1915 y\u0131l\u0131nda Dr. Re\u015fat R\u0131za Kor ve\nDr. Tevfik Salim taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilmi\u015ftir. Daha sonra Hamdi Hoca, 1 birim\n\u0131s\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hasta serumu ile 2 birim nekahatteki ki\u015fi serumunu kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak\ngeli\u015ftirdi\u011fi y\u00f6ntem ile a\u015f\u0131y\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 enjeksiyon halinde uygulamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\n\u2018Hamdi Metodu\u2019 ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan bu y\u00f6ntem, zaman\u0131n Alman hekimleri taraf\u0131ndan\n\u00f6rnek al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Erzincan Serum Laboratuvar\u0131 da Rus i\u015fgalinde M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Muzaffer\n(Bekman) ve yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Nikolaki Zuhri Beyler taraf\u0131ndan 1916 da\nHalep’e, daha sonra Ni\u011fde’ye, oradan Sivas’a ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r, tekrar\nErzincan’a getirilir. Bu laboratuvar 1939’daki b\u00fcy\u00fck depreme dek\nhizmet verir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1920\u2019de \u0130stanbul i\u015fgal alt\u0131ndayken , Zekai Muammer’e\nAnadolu’dan Kuvvay-\u0131 Milliye’ye kat\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\ngelir. F\u0131rt\u0131nal\u0131 bir gecede e\u015fiyle birlikte \u0130stanbul’dan bir gemiye biner ve yan\u0131na farkl\u0131\nkurumlardaki yurtseverlerin sa\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131 bol miktarda a\u015f\u0131, serum ve deney\nhayvan\u0131 al\u0131r. \u0130nebolu’ya vard\u0131ktan sonra Kastamonu\u2019ya ge\u00e7er ve Kuvay-\u0131\nMilliye’ye kat\u0131l\u0131r. D\u00f6rt y\u0131l boyunca Kastamonu’da a\u015f\u0131 ve serum \u00fcretir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1920\u2019de Veba salg\u0131n\u0131 devam ederken, Mustafa Hilmi Bey\nGedikpa\u015fa Hamam\u0131’nda boza \u015fi\u015feleri i\u00e7inde veba a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 \u00fcretir. Bu d\u00f6nemde geli\u015fmeler\n\u00f6yle bir seyir izlemi\u015ftir ki 1920-21 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, \u0130stanbul i\u015fgal alt\u0131nda iken\nTelkihhane’de \u00fcretilen \u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndan Frans\u0131z, \u0130ngiliz ve Amerikal\u0131lara 220\nbin doz \u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 ihra\u00e7 edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1922 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kemal Muhtar Telkihhane’nin m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr, Anadolu’da\nKurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrmektedir. Ordu i\u00e7in 3,5 milyon doz \u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 \u00fcretir\nve bir ni\u015fanla \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
CUMHUR\u0130YET\u0130N \u0130LK YILLARI VE SONRASI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nCumhuriyet kurulduktan sonra Paris Pasteur Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde\ne\u011fitim alm\u0131\u015f olan Zekai Muammer Tun\u00e7man, Diyarbak\u0131r’daki Kuduz Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde\ng\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015f ve 1927 y\u0131l\u0131nda Semple tipi kuduz a\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretmi\u015ftir.1928\ny\u0131l\u0131nda kaydedilen en \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmelerden biri, 1267 say\u0131l\u0131 yasa ile Ankara’da\nMerkez H\u0131fz\u0131s\u0131hha Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’n\u00fcn kurulmas\u0131, Sivas ve \u0130stanbul’daki\nbakteriyolojihane ile, Ankara’daki kimyahanenin bu \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda\nbirle\u015ftirilmeleridir. \u00dclkemizde ilk verem a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 1931 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fcretilmi\u015ftir. 1934\ny\u0131l\u0131nda Telkihhane ve \u0130stanbul’daki Kuduz Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc de kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve a\u015f\u0131-serum\n\u00fcretimi tek merkezde toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. A\u015f\u0131 ve serum \u00fcretiminin kamusal bir g\u00f6rev ve\nsorumluluk olarak alg\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1940’l\u0131 y\u0131llarda tifo, Cox tipi tif\u00fcs, tifo-tif\u00fcs karma,\ntifo-difteri karma, intradermal BCG, veba-kolera karma, veba-kolera-tif\u00fcs\nkarma, difteri-tetanoz karma, bo\u011fmaca-difteri karma, influenza\ntifo-difteri-tetanoz karma a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fcretilmi\u015ftir ve \u00c7in\u2019e kolera a\u015f\u0131s\u0131\ng\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir. A\u015f\u0131-serum \u00fcretiminin g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131\nizlenmektedir. A\u015f\u0131 ve serum \u00fcretimiyle ilgili alt birimler D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\ntaraf\u0131ndan uluslararas\u0131 standartlara uygun olduklar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde belgelenmektedir,\n1950 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ulusal \u0130nfluenza Merkezi ve BCG Laboratuvar\u0131 D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\ntaraf\u0131ndan tescil edilmi\u015ftir. Bu y\u0131llarda difteri-bo\u011fmaca-tetanoz a\u015f\u0131s\u0131\n\u00fcretilmi\u015f ve kuduzla ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 nedeniyle Dr. Zekai Muammer Tun\u00e7man’a\nFrans\u0131z h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan 1959 y\u0131l\u0131nda L\u00e9gion d’honneur ni\u015fan\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir.\n1960’l\u0131 y\u0131llar 224 say\u0131l\u0131 Sa\u011fl\u0131k Hizmetlerinin Sosyalle\u015ftirilmesi yasas\u0131n\u0131n\nolu\u015fturdu\u011fu olumlu ortamda, kamu sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinin geli\u015fti\u011fi y\u0131llard\u0131r. Bu\nd\u00f6nemde a\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretiminde kazan\u0131lan ivme devam etmi\u015f, 1965’te kuru \u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u015f\u0131s\u0131\n\u00fcretilmi\u015f ve \u00fclkemiz, 1960-70’li y\u0131llarda kendine yetecek d\u00fczeyde bakteri\na\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretir duruma gelmi\u015ftir. 1968 y\u0131l\u0131nda Serum \u00c7iftli\u011fi kurulmu\u015ftur.\nBurada; tetanoz, gazl\u0131 gangren ve difteri antitoksik, kuduz\nantiviral, \u015farbon antibakteriyel, akrep antivenom serumlar\u0131 \u00fcretilmi\u015ftir.\nHastal\u0131klar\u0131n eradike edilmesi nedeniyle 1971 y\u0131l\u0131nda tif\u00fcs ve 1980 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7i\u00e7ek\na\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretimine son verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
SON YILLARDA NELER OLDU ?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nSon yirmi y\u0131l, d\u00fcnyada biyoteknolojinin \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fti\u011fi\nbir d\u00f6nem olmu\u015ftur. Bu geli\u015fmeler a\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretimine de yans\u0131m\u0131\u015f ve bir yandan rutin\nba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131klama program\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan a\u015f\u0131lar yeni teknolojiyle \u00fcretilirken, di\u011fer\nyandan yeni a\u015f\u0131lar \u00fcretilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sa\u011fl\u0131k politikas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu\ny\u0131llar ayn\u0131 zamanda d\u00fcnyada sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinin \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesini hedefleyen\n\u201csa\u011fl\u0131k reformlar\u0131n\u0131n\u201d g\u00fcndeme geldi\u011fi d\u00f6nemdir. \u00dclkemizde de \u00f6zellikle 1990’lar\u0131n\nba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 destekli sa\u011fl\u0131k projeleri uygulamaya\nkonulmu\u015ftur ve o y\u0131llarda a\u015f\u0131 ve serum \u00fcretimi konusunda \u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 \u015feyler\nyap\u0131labilmi\u015ftir. Bunlar aras\u0131nda 1990-1994 aras\u0131ndaki d\u00f6nemde DS\u00d6’n\u00fcn \u00f6nerileri\ndo\u011frultusunda viral a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n potens, identite ve stabilite kontrollar\u0131n\u0131n\nyap\u0131lmas\u0131, 1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilk deneysel adsorbe tetanoz a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 \u00fcretiminin\nger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi, 1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda yeni a\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretim tesisleri master plan\u0131n\u0131n\nhaz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 y\u0131l tetanoz laboratuvar\u0131n\u0131n modernle\u015ftirilmesi, 1999\ny\u0131l\u0131nda fermant\u00f6r teknolojisiyle tetanoz toksoidi \u00fcretiminin\nger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi, 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda pilot adsorbe tetanoz a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 \u00fcretimi, 2001\ny\u0131l\u0131nda adjuvant geli\u015ftirme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131 say\u0131labilir. A\u015f\u0131 serum\n\u00fcretiminin devlet taraf\u0131ndan kamusal bir sorumluluk olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmemesi,\nyap\u0131labilenleri birka\u00e7 iyi niyetli \u00e7abaya indirgemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1996 y\u0131l\u0131nda DBT ve Semple tipi kuduz a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n, 1997\ny\u0131l\u0131nda ise BCG a\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretimi durdurulmu\u015ftur. Biyoteknolojideki geli\u015fmelerin\nizlenmemesi, Refik Saydam H\u0131fz\u0131s\u0131hha Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc A\u015f\u0131 Serum \u00dcretimi Merkezine\nyat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131lmamas\u0131, i\u015fgal alt\u0131ndaki \u0130stanbul’da a\u015f\u0131 ihra\u00e7 eden bir \u00fclkeyi, a\u015f\u0131\nithal eden bir noktaya geriletmi\u015ftir. Devlet eliyle kamu kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n\nzay\u0131flat\u0131lmas\u0131 senaryosu, ne yaz\u0131k ki burada da sahneye konmu\u015f ve a\u015f\u0131da d\u0131\u015fa\nba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretiminin sona ermesi ile a\u015f\u0131lar sat\u0131n al\u0131narak temin\nedilmektedir. \u0130ki binli y\u0131llarda a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00fcretimi konusunda tekrar\nilgi artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda be\u015fli karma (DaBT-IPV-Hib), 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00f6rtl\u00fc karma (DaBT-IPV) 3\ny\u0131ll\u0131k al\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131rken kademeli olarak paketleme ve enjekt\u00f6re dolum\nteknolojisi \u00fclkemize getirilmi\u015ftir.
\n2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda zat\u00fcrre a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 (KPA-Konjuge Pn\u00f6mokok) yine 3 y\u0131ll\u0131k al\u0131m garantisi\nkar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 paketleme, enjekt\u00f6re dolum yan\u0131nda formulasyon teknolojisinin de\n\u00fclkemize getirilmesi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nHalen yerli bir firma taraf\u0131ndan akrep ve y\u0131lan antiserumlar\u0131 da\n\u00fcretilmektedir.
\n
\n2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda yedi y\u0131ll\u0131k al\u0131m garantisi ile tetanoz ve difteri a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n\nkademeli olarak antijen \u00fcretimine kadar yap\u0131lmas\u0131 planlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2018 y\u0131l\u0131\ni\u00e7erisinde dolumu yap\u0131l\u0131rken 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda antijenin tamamen milli olarak\n\u00fcretilmesi beklenmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kaynak\u00e7a;<\/p>\n\n\n\n
-Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Letters of the Right\nHonourable Lady M–y W–y M–e: Written During her Travels in Europe, Asia and\nAfrica. . . , vol. 1 (Aix: Anthony Henricy, 1796), pp. 167-69; letter 36,\nto Mrs. S. C. from Adrianople, n.d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
-Klinik T\u0131p Aile Hekimli\u011fi Dergisi ,Cilt: 8 ,Say\u0131: 2 ,Mart –\nNisan 2016<\/p>\n\n\n\n
-Mill\u00ee Folklor, 2014, Y\u0131l 26, Say\u0131 101<\/p>\n\n\n\n
-T.C. Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n
-T\u00fcrk Tabipler Birli\u011fi(TTB)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
-T\u00fcrkiye Sa\u011fl\u0131k Enstit\u00fcleri Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (T\u00dcSEB)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Merhaba de\u011ferli okurlar\u0131m, bu ayki yaz\u0131mda 3 4 ayd\u0131r g\u00fcndemimize oturmu\u015f \u201cA\u015eI\u201d hakk\u0131na bir yaz\u0131 yazaca\u011f\u0131m. Osmanl\u0131daki en eski kay\u0131tlardan<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":346,"featured_media":8408,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[19,6,165],"tags":[157,926,1335,34],"acf":[],"views":817,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8399"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/346"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8399"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8399\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8401,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8399\/revisions\/8401"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8408"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8399"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8399"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8399"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/lady_mektup-1024x1024.jpg\")
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n