{"id":8756,"date":"2020-12-18T14:58:13","date_gmt":"2020-12-18T11:58:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=8756"},"modified":"2020-12-18T14:58:15","modified_gmt":"2020-12-18T11:58:15","slug":"herophilus-anatominin-babasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/herophilus-anatominin-babasi\/","title":{"rendered":"Herophilus: anatominin babas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"

Veloso Salgado’nun Herophilus tasviri <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender taraf\u0131ndan kurulan ve Ptolemaio Pharoahs taraf\u0131ndan kurulan M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n \u0130skenderiye \u015fehri, o zaman\u0131n bir\u00e7ok \u00fcnl\u00fc filozofuna ve hekimine ev sahipli\u011fi yap\u0131yordu. \u0130skenderiye, \u00e7o\u011fu \u00f6nde gelen filozoflar\u0131n eserleri olan yakla\u015f\u0131k 700.000 par\u015f\u00f6men ile d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fct\u00fcphanesiydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fct\u00fcphanede bulunan zengin bir entelekt\u00fcel birikim nedeniyle, \u00fcnl\u00fc Yunan co\u011frafyac\u0131 Strabo’nun \u015fehri “d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck imparatorlu\u011fu” olarak tan\u0131mlar. \u0130skenderiye metinlerinden birka\u00e7\u0131 o zaman\u0131n en iyi anatomistleri taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6zellikle Herophilus, bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan “Anatominin Babas\u0131” olarak kabul edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M.\u00d6 335’te Chalcedon(Kadik\u00f6y)’de do\u011fdu ve Herophilus’un M\u00d6 255’e kadar ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131l\u0131yor. Herophilus\u2019un e\u011fitimi i\u00e7in gen\u00e7 ya\u015fta \u0130skenderiye\u2019ye gitmesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hayat\u0131n\u0131n ilk evreleri hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok az \u015fey bilinmekte. Herophilus’un, arterleri damarlardan ay\u0131rarak Aristoteles anatomisine \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulunan Koslu Praxagoras’\u0131n vesayet ve rehberli\u011finde oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Daha sonra arteriyel nab\u0131z merakl\u0131s\u0131 ak\u0131l hocas\u0131n\u0131n yolundan evam edecekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Praxagoras’\u0131n \u00f6\u011frencisi Herophilus, Ptolemaio Pharoah’\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130skenderiye kentinde t\u0131bbi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131. Konuya olan ilgisi sayesinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ke\u015fifleri onu \u00fcnl\u00fc bir t\u0131p doktoru haline getirdi. MS 391’de eserlerinin sakland\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131lan \u0130skenderiye K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi’nde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yang\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bununla birlikte, anatomik bilgisi nesiller boyu aktar\u0131ld\u0131 ve beyni, g\u00f6z\u00fc, karaci\u011feri, \u00fcreme organlar\u0131n\u0131 ve sinir sistemini anlamak i\u00e7in hayati bilgileri sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsan V\u00fccudunun Anatomik Ke\u015ffi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Herophilus, o d\u00f6nemde insan bedeni konusunda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren tabulara ra\u011fmen, (genellikle modern insan anatomisinin kurucusu olarak kabul edilen) Andreas Vesalius’tan bile \u00f6nce insan bedenine sistematik diseksiyon yapan ilk ki\u015fi olarak tan\u0131n\u0131r. Platon’dan beri, bedenin, \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u201cbedene hapsolmu\u015f\u201d bir ruhu bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Asl\u0131nda, insan v\u00fccudunun diseksiyonuna, sonraki 1800 y\u0131l boyunca terk edilmeden \u00f6nce Herophilus’un g\u00fcnlerinde yaln\u0131zca 30 ila 40 y\u0131l boyunca izin verildi ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda yeniden ba\u015flad\u0131. Oxford \u00dcniversitesi gibi yerle\u015fik \u00fcniversitelerde, insan anatomisi 1624 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar \u00f6\u011fretilmiyordu; 1636’da haz\u0131rlanan \u00dcniversite t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne g\u00f6re, ameliyat ruhsat\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015fartlardan biri, ki\u015finin en az\u0131nda iki anatomik diseksiyon yapm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekiyordu. O zamanlarda bile diseksiyon, “insanlar\u0131n par\u00e7alanmas\u0131” ile ili\u015fkili “\u015fiddet d\u00fcrt\u00fcs\u00fc” olarak alg\u0131land\u0131 ve ilgin\u00e7 bir \u015fekilde, \u0130ngiltere’deki 1752 “Cinayet Yasas\u0131”na g\u00f6re, cinayet i\u015fledi\u011fi i\u00e7in idam edilenlerin cesetlerinin cerrahlar taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na izin verildi. Herophilus, hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n seyrini anlamak amac\u0131yla otopsi yapan ilk ki\u015fiydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  • \"\"
    Alcmeone<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Kardiyovask\u00fcler Sistem<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Croton’lu Alcmaeon, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hayvan diseksiyonlar\u0131 sayesinde arter ve damarlar\u0131n farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6zlemleyen ilk ki\u015fiydi. Aristoteles, insan kalbini \u00fc\u00e7 \u201cventrik\u00fcle\u201d veya kaviteye sahip olarak alg\u0131lad\u0131 ve sa\u011f atriyumu bir ven\u00f6z dilatasyon olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Bununla birlikte, daha \u00f6nce insan kadavra diseksiyonlar\u0131nda arterlerin damarlardan daha kal\u0131n duvarlara sahip oldu\u011funu do\u011frulayan Herophilus, o zamanlar evrensel olarak kabul edilmese de, kulak\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131n kalbin par\u00e7alar\u0131 oldu\u011funu savundu. Ak\u0131l hocas\u0131n\u0131n (Praxagoras) nabz\u0131n kalp at\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ili\u015fkili olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feklindeki yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 reddeden de yine Herophilus’tu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sinir Sistemi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Herophilus’un, sinirleri kan damarlar\u0131ndan ve tendonlardan ay\u0131ran ve sinirlerin sinirsel uyar\u0131lar\u0131 iletti\u011fini fark eden ilk ki\u015filerden biri oldu\u011funa inan\u0131l\u0131yor. Charles Bell ve Fran\u00e7ois Magendie’nin dorsal omurga k\u00f6klerinin duyuya arac\u0131l\u0131k etti\u011fini ve ventral omurga k\u00f6klerinin motor lifleri ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetti\u011fi s\u00f6ylense de, Herophilus ve Erasistratus gibi eski anatomistlerin, sinir yollar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7oktan tespit ettiklerine inan\u0131l\u0131yor. Herophilus, motor sinirlerdeki hasar\u0131n felce yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da fark etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Herophilus beyindeki meninkslere ve ventrik\u00fcllere isim verdi, serebellum ve serebrum aras\u0131ndaki b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeyi tan\u0131mlad\u0131 ve beynin Aristoteles’in \u00f6nerdi\u011fi gibi bir “so\u011futma odas\u0131” de\u011fil, “zekan\u0131n yuvas\u0131” oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Ayr\u0131ca trigeminal, fasiyal, vestib\u00fclococclear ve hipoglossal sinirlerin optik, ok\u00fclomotor, motor b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da bilinir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sindirim Sistemi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Herophilus t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fck bezlerini tan\u0131mlad\u0131 ve ince ba\u011f\u0131rsa\u011f\u0131n ilk k\u0131sm\u0131na duodenum ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi. Karaci\u011ferin ilk do\u011fru tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131 ve yap\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda kapsaml\u0131 bilgilero ortaya koydu. Pankreas konusundaki ilk ara\u015ft\u0131malar\u0131 da o ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00dcreme Sistemi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Herophilus’un yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kad\u0131n \u00fcreme sistemi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Orta \u00c7a\u011fa kadar a\u015f\u0131lamad\u0131. Rahmin i\u00e7i bo\u015f bir organ oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi ve yumurtal\u0131klar\u0131 ve uterus t\u00fcplerini tarifledi. Spermatozoan\u0131n testisler taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretildi\u011fini kaydetti. Ayr\u0131ca prostat bezini tan\u0131mlayan ilk ki\u015fi oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    G\u00f6z<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    G\u00f6zdeki kornea, retina, koroid, iris, siliyer cisim ve vitr\u00f6z\u00fc tan\u0131mlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Yaz\u0131 Orijinali:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Noel Si-Yang Bay, Boon-Huat Bay. \u00abGreek anatomist herophilus: the father of anatomy.\u00bb Anatomy&Cell Biology<\/em>, 2010: 280-283.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender taraf\u0131ndan kurulan ve Ptolemaio Pharoahs taraf\u0131ndan kurulan M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n \u0130skenderiye \u015fehri, o zaman\u0131n bir\u00e7ok \u00fcnl\u00fc filozofuna ve hekimine ev<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":342,"featured_media":9125,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"acf":[],"views":1336,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8756"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/342"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8756"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8756\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9124,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8756\/revisions\/9124"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9125"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8756"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8756"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8756"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}