{"id":9282,"date":"2020-12-26T10:05:00","date_gmt":"2020-12-26T07:05:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=9282"},"modified":"2020-12-26T10:05:58","modified_gmt":"2020-12-26T07:05:58","slug":"endosimbiyoz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/endosimbiyoz\/","title":{"rendered":"Endosimbiyoz"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background\">Merhabalar de\u011ferli okurlar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-background\">Bu ayki yaz\u0131mda ilgi \u00e7ekici bir konu oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm \u201cEndosimbiyoz\u201d dan bahsedece\u011fim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\">1883 y\u0131l\u0131nda Alman botanik\u00e7i&nbsp;Andreas Schimper,&nbsp;\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda ye\u015fil&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bitki\">bitkilerdeki<\/a>&nbsp;kloroplastlar\u0131n siyanobakterilere benzedi\u011fini fark etmi\u015fti ve ye\u015fil bitkilerin siyanobakterilerin ve <strong><em>ba\u015fka bir canl\u0131n\u0131n simbiyozu sonucu <\/em><\/strong>ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Yine de bu teoriden ilk bahseden ki\u015fi Konstantin Mereschkowsky adl\u0131 Rus botanik\u00e7iydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-pink-background-color has-background\">Endosimbiyoz hipotezi ise 1970\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda Lynn Margulis ad\u0131nda bir biyolog taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftu. Lynn Margulis, simbiyogenezin evrimin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr hatta Darwin\u2019in do\u011fal se\u00e7ilimi dayal\u0131 sav\u0131n\u0131 eksik buldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#ff9c55\"><strong><em>\u201c<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>Simbiyozlar, uzun bir s\u00fcre boyunca simbiyogenez haline gelebilecek ekolojik ili\u015fkilerdir. Yeni davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n, yap\u0131lar\u0131n veya taksonlar\u0131n, yani yeni dokular\u0131n, yeni organlar\u0131n, yeni t\u00fcrlerin, yeni genlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda, bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 seviyedeki yeni ili\u015fkiler simbiyogenezin bir sonucu olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir.\u201d <\/em><\/strong>S\u00f6yledi\u011fi bu s\u00f6zden de anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#bcfb74\">Tabii ki, \u00f6karyot h\u00fccrelerin evrimi ile ilgili sadece bir hipotez yok. Genel olarak iki hipotezden bahsedilirdi. Birincisi &#8220;Otojenik Farkl\u0131la\u015fma&#8221; diye bildi\u011fimiz, \u00f6karyotik organellerin pro\u00f6karyotlar\u0131n kendi materyallerinden farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n savunuldu\u011fu klasik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Di\u011feri ise endosimbiyoz hipoteziydi. Y\u0131llar ilerledik\u00e7e endosimbiyoza dair daha fazla kan\u0131t bulundu ve t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada kabul g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#fbf1c0\">Mitokondri ve Kloroplast\u0131n simbiyozu nas\u0131l oldu;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#c5eff9\">Mitokondri, muhtemelen anaerob bir h\u00fccreydi ve simbiyont( simbiyoz ya\u015fayan organizma) ise H<sub>2 <\/sub>\u00fcreten bir solunum \u015fekli olan bakteriydi. Konak\u00e7\u0131 anaerob ortamda H<sub>2<\/sub>\u2019ye ihtiya\u00e7 duymaktayd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca daha sonra simbiyontun yolaklar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak O<sub>2<\/sub>\u2019ce zengin atmosferede adaptasyon sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kloroplast ise, siyanobakterilerin tek bir hatt\u0131ndan k\u00f6ken almaktayd\u0131; ancak konak\u00e7\u0131 h\u00fccre tek soylu de\u011fildi. Bu durum ancak ikincil hatta \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcl bir endosimbiyozun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile a\u00e7\u0131klanabilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#d0acf1\">Bu teoriyi destekleyen kan\u0131tlar nelerdi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#5eff5b\"><li>Mitokondri ve kloroplast kendi DNA\u2019lar\u0131na sahiptir ve bu DNA yap\u0131s\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bakteriyel DNA ile benzerlik g\u00f6sterdi.<\/li><li>Mitokondriler dairesel DNA\u2019lara sahipti, t\u0131pk\u0131 bakteriler gibi.<\/li><li>Mitokondri ve Kloroplast\u0131n ribozomlar\u0131 da bakteri ribozomlar\u0131 ile ayn\u0131 alt birimlerden olu\u015fuyordu.<\/li><li>Ayr\u0131ca bakterilere kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131la antibiyotiklerin \u00e7o\u011fu mitokondri ve kloroplast\u0131 da etkiliyordu.<\/li><li>Bu organellerde bakteriler gibi ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131yordu.<\/li><li>\u0130ki veya daha fazla katl\u0131 membranlar\u0131 vard\u0131 ve en i\u00e7teki katman h\u00fccredeki di\u011fer membran bile\u015fimlerine benzemeyip daha \u00e7ok prokaryot h\u00fccre membran\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131na benzemekteydi.<\/li><li>Kloroplast\u0131n ise filogenetik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonucu siyanobakterilerle b\u00fcy\u00fck benzerlikler g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li><li>Ve non-mendelyan bir kal\u0131t\u0131mlar\u0131 vard\u0131.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#cea785\">Tabii ki, endosimbiyotik ili\u015fki sonucu konak\u00e7\u0131ya olan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k gerekti\u011fi i\u00e7in bu organellerin genomunda bir\u00e7ok gen ya kaybedilmi\u015fti ya da h\u00fccre \u00e7ekirde\u011fine kaym\u0131\u015ft\u0131. B\u00f6ylece, konak\u00e7\u0131 h\u00fccreye ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k artmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, h\u00fccre \u00e7ekirde\u011finde \u00fcretilen baz\u0131 proteinler bu organellere transfer edimekteydi. Ayr\u0131ca hem mitokondri hem de kloroplast\u0131n genomu bakterilere g\u00f6re daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#f0a1fb\">Bu yaz\u0131mda sizlere endosimbiyozdan k\u0131saca bahsetmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. \u00c7ok ilgi \u00e7ekici oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm i\u00e7in bu konuyu se\u00e7tim. Ayr\u0131ca mitokondri son y\u0131llarda t\u0131p alan\u0131nda da \u00f6nemli yer etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131, o a\u00e7\u0131dan bizleri de ilgilendirebilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background\"><strong>\u0130yi Okumalar&#8230;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kaynak\u00e7a;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1- F. J. R. Taylor .Autogenous Theories for the Origin of Eukaryotes, Taxon. Aug., 1976, 25(4); 379-390, 1976.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2-Duur K. Aanen a , \u2217, Paul Eggleton &nbsp;,Symbiogenesis: Beyond the endosymbiosis theory?,J. of Theoretical Biology. Vol. 434; 99-103, 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3-Wikimedia Commons<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Merhabalar de\u011ferli okurlar Bu ayki yaz\u0131mda ilgi \u00e7ekici bir konu oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm \u201cEndosimbiyoz\u201d dan bahsedece\u011fim. 1883 y\u0131l\u0131nda Alman botanik\u00e7i&nbsp;Andreas Schimper,&nbsp;\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":346,"featured_media":9289,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"acf":[],"views":675,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9282"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/346"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9282"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9282\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9293,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9282\/revisions\/9293"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9289"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9282"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9282"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9282"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}