![\"\"](\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/kapak-4-1024x1024.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nZihin-Beden d\u00fcalizmi<\/strong>, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f felsefenin kurucusu Rene Descartes taraf\u0131ndan ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Descartes felsefesinde beden ve zihni iki ayr\u0131 t\u00f6z olarak ele alm\u0131\u015f ve birbirleri ile ili\u015fkilerini anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.2<\/sup> Descartes\u2019a g\u00f6re zihin ve bilin\u00e7 hakk\u0131ndaki bilgimiz beden hakk\u0131ndaki bilgimizden \u00f6nce gelir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc beden ve maddi \u015feylerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda \u015f\u00fcphe duyabiliriz ancak \u015f\u00fcphelenme faaliyetini de zihnimiz ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiririz. Bu y\u00fczden zihin bedenden \u00f6nce gelir ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor olmak var olmay\u0131 kan\u0131tlamak i\u00e7in yeterlidir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 insanl\u0131\u011fa \u201cD\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen ben<\/strong>\u201d, \u201cD\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen insan\u201d kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve bu kavramlar\u0131n getirileri d\u00fcnyay\u0131 k\u00f6kl\u00fc \u015fekilde etkileyecek bir paradigma<\/strong> de\u011fi\u015fimine sebep olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Descartes\u2019in g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine g\u00f6re art\u0131k: \u201cHer \u015feyin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen ben’dir ve her \u015fey ben’in kullan\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d<\/em>3<\/sup> Bu durum bilin\u00e7 sahibi olan\u0131n yani insan\u0131n D\u00fcnya\u2019ya egemen olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc beraberinde getirmi\u015f ve bundan b\u00f6yle do\u011fay\u0131 hesaba katan teknik g\u00f6zden d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, yerine do\u011fay\u0131 yeni ba\u015ftan insana g\u00f6re <\/em>tepeden t\u0131rna\u011fa d\u00fczenleyen bir teknik anlay\u0131\u015f ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Bacon ve Newton\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin de etkisiyle bu durum bir yandan da modern bilimin do\u011fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.4<\/sup>Ancak Rene Descartes\u2019\u0131n felsefesinde cevap bulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bizlerin hala yan\u0131t arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 temel bir soru vard\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n …<\/p>\n\n\n\n Descartes, felsefesinde res extensa<\/strong>\u2019dan res cogitansa<\/strong>\u2019ya (yer kaplayan \u015feyden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen \u015feye) gidememi\u015ftir. Bu sorunun cevab\u0131 maddi beynin (sinirler, n\u00f6ronlar, damarlar, lob ve kortekslerden olu\u015fan) nas\u0131l zihin \u00fcretebildi\u011fi bulundu\u011funda cevaplanabilecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Burada bahsedilen temel problemi \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in gereken \u015fey ise bilimsel bilgi ve n\u00f6robilim <\/strong>konusunda yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalardaki geli\u015fmelerdir. Bu do\u011frultuda yap\u0131lan 1998\u2019y\u0131l\u0131ndaki bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada Crick ve Koch, bilin\u00e7 biliminin \u00f6nce sinirsel ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 (NCC) ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini iddia etmi\u015ftir.“1 <\/sup>Burada temel nokta \u201cba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131\u201d kavram\u0131d\u0131r. Bu yaz\u0131da \u00fczerinde duraca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ABD Ulusal Sa\u011fl\u0131k Enstit\u00fcleri taraf\u0131ndan desteklenmi\u015f \u201cHuman Connectome Project (HCP)\u201d<\/strong> ve \u201cHuman Brain Project (HBP)\u201d<\/strong> projelerinde de bu ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131 kavram\u0131 daha detayl\u0131 \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmakta ve b\u00f6ylece bilin\u00e7 kavram\u0131, zihin-beden problemi ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar bilinci: \u201cBa\u011flant\u0131sall\u0131k<\/strong>\u201d kavram\u0131 ile a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bu durum yeni bir paradigma de\u011fi\u015fimine sebep olabilece\u011fi gibi bilim, felsefe, sosyoloji vb. pek \u00e7ok alanda de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri beraberinde getirebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130nsan Konnektom Projesi<\/strong>;2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD’de disleksi, otizm ve alzheimer gibi durumlarla ilgili ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 destekleyecek veriler olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 insan beyninin anatomik ve fonksiyonel olarak birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamay\u0131 ve sinir a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n haritas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r.5<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 The Human Brain Project (HBP)<\/strong>\u2019de ise bu ba\u011flant\u0131lara matematiksel bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 kazand\u0131rmak ve a\u011f\u0131n matematik temelli bir haritaya d\u00f6k\u00fclmesi hedeflenmekteydi.6 <\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu do\u011frultuda 2015\u2019te fare beyninin 31.000 n\u00f6ron b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ara ba\u011flant\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki veriler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma n\u00f6ron b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerindeki ara ba\u011flant\u0131 verilerinin elde edilmesi ile olu\u015facak olan b\u00fcy\u00fck verinin beynin ger\u00e7ekte nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetmenin \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi. Ayn\u0131 zamanda insan zihni \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in bilgisayar ve matematik bilimlerinde daha fazla geli\u015fmenin gerekli oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi.7<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n (S\u00fcrekli i\u015flevsel halde bulunan beyni ve aktivitelerini incelemek i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme teknolojileri kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. –<\/em>fMRI, EEG, DTI<\/strong>– Bu \u015fekilde belirli bir faaliyet esnas\u0131nda etkin olan yolaklar ve n\u00f6ronlar aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131lar, bilim insanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan incelenmek i\u00e7in g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclenebilmektedir.)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n 1986\u2019da solucan konnektomunun<\/strong> haritalanmas\u0131 ile Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc alan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada: bilim insanlar\u0131, s\u0131rayla her bir n\u00f6ronu etkisiz hale getirmi\u015f ve solucan\u0131n verdi\u011fi farkl\u0131 kararlar\u0131 ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimleri g\u00f6zlemlemi\u015flerdir.8<\/sup> \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma, her bir n\u00f6ronun solucan\u0131n konnektomunu nas\u0131l etkiledi\u011fini ke\u015ffetmemizi sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Solucan\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu se\u00e7imleri ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hayat\u0131 yaratan \u015feyin ba\u011flant\u0131lar oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015ftir. Bu solucanlardan dokuz tane oldu\u011funu varsayarsak sekizi bir fruktoz kayna\u011f\u0131na do\u011fru gitmeyi se\u00e7ebilirken, biri masadan d\u00fc\u015fen ekmek k\u0131r\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131na do\u011fru ilerlemeyi se\u00e7ebilir. Bir solucan\u0131n di\u011fer solucanlardan farkl\u0131 bir karar vermesine neden olan \u015fey ise ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgi a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n modelidir.9<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n 2015 Y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada konnektomdaki i\u015flevleri tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in genetik ve opti\u011fin birle\u015ftirildi\u011fi bir deney yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Deneyde amigdalan\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 uyarmak veya engellemek i\u00e7in baz\u0131 genler bir s\u0131\u00e7an beynine implante edilmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece farenin konnektomu, a\u00e7 oldu\u011funda yiyece\u011fe yan\u0131t vermeyece\u011fi \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Deneyde farelerin a\u00e7 oldu\u011funda bile yiyece\u011fe yan\u0131t vermemesi konnektom \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n ilerleyen d\u00f6nemlerde kullan\u0131m alan\u0131n\u0131n ve etkilerinin ne denli b\u00fcy\u00fck olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.7<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bilinci, karar verme ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme yetisi olarak tan\u0131mlarsak bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar do\u011frultusunda konnektomun bilinci olu\u015fturdu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir.9<\/sup> Bu durumda konnektomlar\u0131n matematiksel bir form\u00fcl halinde ifade edilebilir duruma gelmeleri bilin\u00e7 vb. baz\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klanamayan kavramlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak hatta g\u00f6zlemlemek i\u00e7in yeterli olabilir. B\u00f6ylece Descartes\u2019in res extensa\u2019dan res cogitansa\u2019da (yer kaplayan \u015feyden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen \u015feye) gidememe sorunun da beden ve zihin aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131n\u0131n; materyal olmayan ancak metafizik bir \u00f6\u011fe veya a\u00e7\u0131klanamayan bir kavram da diyemeyece\u011fimiz ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na ayr\u0131 ve yeni terimler ile- \u201cba\u011flant\u0131lar<\/strong>\u201d ve \u201cba\u011flant\u0131sall\u0131k<\/strong>\u201d-a\u00e7\u0131klanarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenebilece\u011fi sonucuna bizi ula\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu durum \u00f6nemli bir felsefi soruya (Beyin zihni nas\u0131l olu\u015fturur?) cevap olabilece\u011fi gibi t\u0131p alan\u0131nda da devrim yaratabilecek nitelikte bir geli\u015fme. \u0130nsan konnektom haritas\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 ve haritada yer alan ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n fizyolojik olarak etkilerinin saptanmas\u0131 beklenen \u015feyler. B\u00f6yle bir durum s\u00f6z konusu olursa konnektomlar \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n geli\u015fmesiyle ve optogenetik<\/strong> alan\u0131ndaki ilerlemelerle \u015fu an \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z pek \u00e7ok hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n tedavisi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir. Sinir sistemi ile ilgili hasarlar, alzheimer, bilin\u00e7 kayb\u0131 sorunlar\u0131, psikiyatrik sorunlar ve n\u00f6ronal hasarlar<\/em> insan konnektomunun haritaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve ba\u011flant\u0131sall\u0131\u011f\u0131n matematiksel form\u00fclleri yard\u0131m\u0131yla daha kolay anla\u015f\u0131larak tedavi edilebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ve \u201cKonnektom<\/strong>\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n getirece\u011fi paradigma<\/strong> de\u011fi\u015fimi, toplum yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da sosyolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan etkileyecektir. Bacon, Descartes, Newton k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201cinsan\u201d ve \u201cben\u201d i merkeze alan bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 yerine b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc merkez alan ve ba\u011flant\u0131sall\u0131\u011f\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu b\u00fct\u00fcnselli\u011fi<\/em> temel alan bir paradigma bizi bekliyor gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Bu durum ba\u015fta bilim olmak \u00fczere felsefe, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, insaniyet ve toplumsal ili\u015fkilerde de b\u00fcy\u00fck bir de\u011fi\u015fime sebep olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Referanslar:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bilincin beyin taraf\u0131ndan nas\u0131l olu\u015fturuldu\u011fu (Zihin-Beden Problemi) bilim insanlar\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r merak ediliyor. Bu problem teorik ve klinik<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":197,"featured_media":9490,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[1721,1339,64,1720,1719,972,217,247],"acf":[],"views":1518,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9402"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/197"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9402"}],"version-history":[{"count":32,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9402\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9503,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9402\/revisions\/9503"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9490"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9402"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9402"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9402"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"ba\u015f,](\"https:\/\/images.pexels.com\/photos\/724994\/pexels-photo-724994.jpeg?auto=compress&cs=tinysrgb&dpr=1&w=500\")
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n![\"Bu](\"http:\/\/www.humanconnectomeproject.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/06\/Data4-e1307568899113-720x693.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"Bu](\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/1-1024x1024.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"Resting-state](\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/George_Chaldakov\/publication\/299453861\/figure\/fig4\/AS:614038711046161@1523409645805\/Resting-state-functional-connectivity-from-the-Human-Connectome-Project-HCP-data.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/image-10-1024x1024.png\")
Figure1: The mapped connectome of the C Elegans Worm7<\/sup><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/image-12-1024x1024.png\")
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n![\"human](\"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1559757175-5700dde675bc?ixid=MXwxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=1000&q=80\")
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.humanconnectomeproject.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/12-white-matter-fibers-HCP-dataset-arcuate-fasciculus-and-pons-left.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n