{"id":9641,"date":"2021-01-21T11:03:37","date_gmt":"2021-01-21T08:03:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=9641"},"modified":"2021-02-27T12:22:19","modified_gmt":"2021-02-27T09:22:19","slug":"insan-genom-serisi-3-veba","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/insan-genom-serisi-3-veba\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130NSAN GENOM SER\u0130S\u0130 3- Veba"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"
(Antik Roma kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131. G\u00f6rsel Kayna\u011f\u0131: Rudy Balasko\/<\/a>Shutterstock<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Giri\u015f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yersinia pestis <\/em>taraf\u0131ndan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesin olarak bilinen ilk pandemi Antik Roma\u2019da meydana gelen Justinian Vebas\u0131<\/em>\u2019d\u0131r. Muhtemelen MS. 532 civar\u0131nda Kuzey Afrika\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p Orta Do\u011fu ve Akdeniz b\u00f6lgelerine yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lerleyen y\u0131llarda Konstantinapoli (\u0130stanbul), Yunanistan, \u0130talya, Fransa, Almanya ve G\u00fcney Asya\u2019ya da ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antik Roma\u2019da hastal\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu zoonozdu ve bu hastal\u0131klar genelde \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcld\u00fc. Justinian Vebas\u0131<\/em> da hijyen, beslenme, demografi ve insan-hayvan ili\u015fkilerinde dikkatsizlik y\u00fcz\u00fcnden a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131tl\u0131k, fareler ve gemiler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla hastal\u0131k \u015fehre daha h\u0131zl\u0131 yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7o\u011fu Romal\u0131 kalabal\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kontamine su, \u00e7\u00f6p ve pislik yayg\u0131nd\u0131 ve bu hastal\u0131klar\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 daha kolay hale getiriyordu. Etoburlar, kemirgen ve ku\u015flar da bakteriyi ta\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kinci pandemi ise Kara \u00d6l\u00fcm olarak bilinen Orta\u00e7a\u011f Vebas\u0131\u2019d\u0131r. 1332(?)-1342 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda muhtemelen Himalayalar\u2019dan 3 b\u00fcy\u00fck ticari yol arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Avrupa\u2019da bu pandeminin ilk a\u015famas\u0131 1347-1352 y\u0131llar\u0131nda olmu\u015ftur. \u0130talya, Fransa ve Yunanistan gibi \u00fclkelere gemiler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019den yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Veba o d\u00f6nem bilinen t\u00fcm toplumlara yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc pandemi ise 1855 civar\u0131 muhtemelen \u00c7in\u2019in Yunnan b\u00f6lgesinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p \u00c7in sahili boyunca yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1894\u2019te de Canton b\u00f6lgesine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonra Japonya, Hindistan, \u0130ran, Pakistan, G\u00fcney Afrika, G\u00fcney Amerika ve Kuzey Amerika\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131na kadar yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu pandemide rol alan bakterinin ismine, bu bakteriyi ke\u015ffeden ki\u015fi olan Frans\u0131z Alexandre Yersin\u2019in soyad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bakterinin ad\u0131 Yersinia pestis<\/em> olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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(Tiber Nehri. G\u00f6rsel Kayna\u011f\u0131: muratart\/<\/a>Shutterstock<\/a>, ID: 1696033054)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Y. Pestis<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Veba bakterisi olarak bilinen Y. pestis, Enterobacteriaceae <\/em>ailesine mensup gram negatif, hareketsiz ve spor olu\u015fturmayan bir kokobasildir. Giemsa, Wright ve Wayson boyama tekniklerinde bipolar (\u00e7ift renkli) boyan\u0131r. Optimum s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 28-30 derecedir ancak geni\u015f bir s\u0131cakl\u0131k aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ya\u015fayabilir. Ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 pH aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 5-9.6\u2019d\u0131r. 40 derece \u00fcst\u00fcnde, UV \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve \u00e7ok kuru ortamda hemen \u00f6lmektedir. Ancak bir\u00e7ok d\u0131\u015f membran proteinine ve proteaz Pla<\/em> (pPla<\/em>) gibi pek \u00e7ok vir\u00fclans fakt\u00f6re sahiptir ve bunlar konak h\u00fccrenin do\u011fal ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7li olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f6rt biyovar\u0131 bulunur. Bunlar Antiqua<\/em>, Mediavalis<\/em>, Orientalis<\/em> ve Microtus<\/em>\u2019tur. \u0130lk ve son bulunan biyovarlar\u0131 s\u0131rayla Antiqua<\/em> ve Microtus<\/em>\u2019tur. Aralar\u0131ndaki fark gliserol fermentasyonu ve nitrat\u0131n nitrite d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi \u00fczerinedir. Antiqua,<\/em> bu iki \u00f6zelli\u011fe de sahiptir. Orientalis<\/em>, nitrat\u0131 nitrite d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr ama gliserol\u00fc fermente etmez. Mediavalis,<\/em> gliserol\u00fc fermente eder ancak nitrat\u0131 nitrite d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmez. Microtus<\/em> ise Mediavalis<\/em> ile benzer \u00f6zellikler ta\u015f\u0131r ve arabinoz kullanmaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konak canl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda kemirgenler, primatlar, b\u00f6cekler ve insanlar bulunur. Pireler ile ta\u015f\u0131nabilir. Bakterinin en immunojenik proteini Fraksiyon 1 (F1)<\/em> kaps\u00fcl antijeni, tespit i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. En \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan tan\u0131 testleri pasif hemaglutinasyon ve hemaglutinasyon inhibisyon testleridir. \u0130drar test \u015feritleri sahada en s\u0131k kullan\u0131lan tespit y\u00f6ntemidir. PCR<\/em>\u2019de enterobakterilerin tespiti i\u00e7in D\u0131\u015f Membran Proteini A<\/em> (OmpA<\/em>) geni hedef al\u0131n\u0131r. Veban\u0131n tedavisi antibiyotik kullan\u0131m\u0131, solunum cihaz\u0131 ve intraven\u00f6z s\u0131v\u0131 aktar\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Hen\u00fcz a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 yoktur ancak F1<\/em> ve LcrV<\/em> (Low Calcium Response V<\/em>) antijenleri a\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in hedeftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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(Baz\u0131 vir\u00fcs ve bakteriler. G\u00f6rsel Kayna\u011f\u0131: Babich Alexander\/<\/a>Shutterstock<\/a>, ID: 1723204024)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Y. pestis<\/em> yakla\u015f\u0131k 6000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce Y. pseudotuberculosis<\/em>\u2019ten t\u00fcremi\u015ftir. Bunun sebepleri vir\u00fclans ili\u015fkili pde3 <\/em>geninin inaktivasyonu ve pFra<\/em> ve pPla<\/em> plasmidlerinin edinimidir. Vir\u00fclans fakt\u00f6rleri aras\u0131nda en \u00f6nemlisi d\u0131\u015f membran proteinleridir (Yop<\/em>\u2019lar) ve Tip 3 Sekresyon Sistemi\u2019yle (T3SS<\/em>) konak h\u00fccreye direkt girebilirler. Fagositoza ve konak h\u00fccrenin do\u011fal ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koyar. T3SS<\/em> Y. pestis<\/em>\u2019in plasmidinde kodlan\u0131r. Bu \u00f6zellik Y. pseudotuberculosis <\/em>ve Y. enterocolitica<\/em>\u2019da da bulunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y. pestis <\/em>fagositozu engellemek i\u00e7in o h\u00fccrenin Rho GTPaz<\/em>\u2019lar\u0131n\u0131 inhibe eder ve aktin h\u00fccre iskeletini bozar. Proinflamatuvar sitokinleri etkisiz hale getirir ve \u00e7e\u015fitli mekanizmalarla h\u00fccre \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ind\u00fckler. Yop<\/em>\u2019lar sadece Y. pseudotuberculosis <\/em>ve Y. enterocolitica <\/em>\u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup Y. pestis <\/em>\u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar devam etmektedir. Bu mekanizmalar aras\u0131nda \u015funlar bulunur:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- Tirozin Fosfataz YopH<\/em> ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k h\u00fccrelerinin fokal adezyon proteinlerini defosforile eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2- YopE<\/em>, GTPaz<\/em> aktive eden proteinlere (GAP<\/em>) benzeyerek konak h\u00fccre Rho GTPaz<\/em>\u2019lar\u0131n\u0131 inhibe eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3- Sistein Proteaz YopT<\/em> konak h\u00fccre membran\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 Rho GTPaz<\/em>\u2019lar\u0131 h\u00fccre zar\u0131ndan kopar\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4- YopJ<\/em> bir asetiltransferazd\u0131r ve mitojenle aktive olan protein kinaz\u0131 (MAPK<\/em>) ve N\u00fckleer Fakt\u00f6r-kB<\/em> (NF-kB<\/em>) sinyal yolunu bloke eder. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla proinflamatuvar sitokinlerin artmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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(Y. pestis. <\/em>G\u00f6rsel Kayna\u011f\u0131: Kateryna Kon\/<\/a>Shutterstock<\/a>, ID: 1325119016)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

5- Serin\/Treonin kinaz YpkA<\/em>, aktin d\u00fczenleyici proteinleri hedef al\u0131r ve Guanin N\u00fckleotid Ayr\u0131\u015fma \u0130nhibit\u00f6r\u00fc<\/em> (GDI<\/em>) b\u00f6lgesi sayesinde Rho GTPaz<\/em>\u2019lar\u0131 inaktif tutar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6- YopM<\/em> Kaspaz-1<\/em>\u2019e ba\u011flanarak inflamazom birle\u015fimini ve aktivasyonunu \u00f6nler. IL-10 mRNA<\/em> seviyesini de\u011fi\u015ftirerek n\u00fckleomodulin gibi davran\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda bir E3 Ubikitin Ligaz<\/em>\u2019d\u0131r ve NLRP3<\/em>\u2019\u00fc hedef alarak konak h\u00fccre nekrozunu tetikler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7- YopK<\/em> bir vir\u00fclans ili\u015fkili fakt\u00f6rd\u00fcr ve di\u011fer Yop<\/em>\u2019lar\u0131n konak h\u00fccreden bakteriye geri ge\u00e7i\u015f h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 mod\u00fcle eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bubonik vebaya yakalanan fare ve s\u0131\u00e7anlar \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda Y. pestis<\/em>\u2019in Ail<\/em> d\u0131\u015f membran proteini bakteriyi komplement sisteminden korumu\u015ftur. Ancak Y. pestis<\/em>\u2019in aksine Y. pesudotuberculosis <\/em>ve Y. enterocolitica<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n konak h\u00fccreyi ele ge\u00e7irmesi i\u00e7in Ail<\/em> proteinine ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 olmayabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bilgi Kaynak\u00e7as\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. ScienceDirect. Victor Briones, Marta Perez-Sancho. \u201cWas ancient Rome the perfect environment for zoonoses transmission?\u201d Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. <\/em>38. Kas\u0131m-Aral\u0131k 2020. Doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101740<\/a><\/li>
  2. ScienceDirect. Bj\u00f6rn P. Zietz, Hartmut Dunkelberg. \u201cThe history of the plague and the research on the causative agent Yersinia pestis<\/em>\u201d International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. <\/em>207:(2), 165-178. 2004. Doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1078\/1438-4639-00259<\/a><\/li>
  3. ScienceDirect. Jae-Llane Ditchburn, Ryan Hodgkins. \u201cYersinia pestis, a problem of the past and a re-emerging threat\u201d Biosafety and Health. <\/em>(1):2, 65-70. Eyl\u00fcl 2019. Doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bsheal.2019.09.001<\/a><\/li>
  4. ScienceDirect. Demeure et al.. \u201cYersinia pestis and plague: an updated view on evolution, virulence determinants, immune subversion, vaccination and diagnostics\u201d Microbes and Infection. <\/em>21:(5-6), 202-212. Haziran-Temmuz 2019. Doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micinf.2019.06.007<\/a><\/li>
  5. NCBI. Hinnebusch et al.. \u201cRole of the Yersinia pestis Ail Protein in Preventing a Protective Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Response during Bubonic Plague\u201d Infection and Immunity. <\/em>79(12): 4984-4989. Aral\u0131k 2011. Doi: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128%2FIAI.05307-11<\/a><\/li>
  6. ScienceDirect. Zhang et al.. \u201cInvasiveness of the Yersinia pestis ail protein contributes to host dissemination in pneumonic and oral plague\u201d Microbial Pathogenesis. <\/em>141. Nisan 2020. Doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.103993<\/a><\/li>
  7. ScienceDirect. Chen et al.. \u201cHomology analysis and cross-immunogenicity of OmpA from pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia pestis\u201d Molecular Immunology. <\/em>68:(2)-A, 290-299. Aral\u0131k 2015. Doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.09.016<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    G\u00f6rsel Kaynak\u00e7as\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. Rudy Balasko\/Shutterstock<\/a><\/li>
    2. muratart\/Shutterstock<\/a>, ID: 1696033054<\/li>
    3. Babich Alexander\/Shutterstock<\/a>, ID: 1723204024<\/li>
    4. Kateryna Kon\/Shutterstock<\/a>, ID: 1325119016<\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Giri\u015f Yersinia pestis taraf\u0131ndan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesin olarak bilinen ilk pandemi Antik Roma\u2019da meydana gelen Justinian Vebas\u0131\u2019d\u0131r. Muhtemelen MS. 532<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":267,"featured_media":9643,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1,25,6],"tags":[1782,1779,187,73,74,894,1789,1780,543,115,810,1187,1786,1363,1783,1787,1790,1791,1784,741,1690,1776,996,1778,321,66,704,1775,1777],"acf":[],"views":536,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9641"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/267"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9641"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9641\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9650,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9641\/revisions\/9650"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9643"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9641"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9641"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9641"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}