{"id":9859,"date":"2021-02-13T19:41:31","date_gmt":"2021-02-13T16:41:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/?p=9859"},"modified":"2021-07-17T13:03:38","modified_gmt":"2021-07-17T10:03:38","slug":"varoluscu-psikoterapotik-yaklasimlarin-bilissel-davranisci-terapide-kullanim-alanlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ulubat.org\/index.php\/genel\/varoluscu-psikoterapotik-yaklasimlarin-bilissel-davranisci-terapide-kullanim-alanlari\/","title":{"rendered":"VAROLU\u015e\u00c7U PS\u0130KOTERAP\u00d6T\u0130K YAKLA\u015eIMLARIN B\u0130L\u0130\u015eSEL DAVRANI\u015e\u00c7I TERAP\u0130DE KULLANIM ALANLARI"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Varolu\u015f\u00e7u psikoterapinin k\u00f6kenleri yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131la, varolu\u015f\u00e7uluk felsefesine dayanmaktad\u0131r. \u0130lk varolu\u015f\u00e7u filozoflar\u0131n bu felsefe \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde inceledikleri konseptler, temelde insanlar\u0131n di\u011fer canl\u0131lar\u0131n aksine, kendi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz \u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin fark\u0131nda olu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011furdu\u011fu sorunlardan k\u00f6ken almaktad\u0131r. Ak\u0131m\u0131n ilk temsilcileri Nietzsche ve Kierkegaard\u2019\u0131n ilgilendikleri kavramlardan olan der wille zur macht<\/a> <\/em>, ubermensch<\/a><\/em>e ula\u015fma ve absurd<\/a><\/em> ise, onlardan sonra gelen pek \u00e7ok varolu\u015f\u00e7u filozofun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn hayat\u0131n\u0131 \u015fekillendirmi\u015ftir. Bu filozoflardan kendi felsefesini \u2018\u2018 Varolu\u015f \u00f6zden \u00f6nce gelir.\u2019\u2019 diyerek a\u00e7\u0131klayan Jean-Paul Sartre, varolu\u015f\u00e7ulu\u011fun psikoterap\u00f6tik ama\u00e7l\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 irdelemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve varolu\u015f\u00e7u psikoterapinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra logoterapi<\/em> ve h\u00fcmanistik psikoloji<\/em> gibi ak\u0131mlar\u0131n da do\u011fu\u015funa zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Jean Paul Sartre\u2019\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Otto Rank varolu\u015f\u00e7u terapiyi klinik bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olarak kullanan ilk psikoterapist olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk Varolu\u015f\u00e7u Psikoterapi Uygulamalar\u0131 ve Varolu\u015f\u00e7u Psikoterapinin Kapsam\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Otto Rank\u2019in varolu\u015f\u00e7u psikoterapiye y\u00f6nlenmesinde, Freud\u2019un psikoanalizinin aksine, duygular\u0131n tedavide hem terapist hem de dan\u0131\u015fan i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir yerinin oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi etkili olmu\u015ftur. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin etkisiyle Otto Rank, 1924\u2019te Amerika\u2019ya yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 seyahat esnas\u0131nda yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 The Trauma of Birth <\/em>adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan geleneksel Freudyen ekol\u00fcnden ayr\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Otto Rank\u2019in Freud\u2019tan ayr\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi psikoterapi yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, \u00f6l\u00fcme ve k\u0131s\u0131tlamalara ra\u011fmen hayat\u0131n dolu dolu ya\u015fanmas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik eder. Will Theory<\/em> adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda g\u00fcndeme getirdi\u011fi here and now<\/em> prensibi de bunu destekler niteliktedir, yani insan\u0131n gelece\u011fi ancak bug\u00fcn att\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131mlarla belirlenir. Rank\u2019ten sonra Irvin Yalom\u2019un da varolu\u015f\u00e7u psikoterapi alan\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131lar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Yalom\u2019un terapi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6re terapist de kendi duygular\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmelidir. Bu durum terapistle dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131 o anda orada kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fan ve hayat g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini payla\u015fan iki insan ve terapiyi de i\u00e7ten, hakiki bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 haline getirmektedir. Yalom(1980), bu s\u00fcrecin, varolu\u015f\u00e7u terapistlerin dan\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131yla daha insani bir kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fma ya\u015famalar\u0131na olanak sa\u011flamas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, dan\u0131\u015fanda ilerleme kaydedilmesine katk\u0131da bulunabilece\u011fini ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz varolu\u015f\u00e7u terapisinin temelini olu\u015fturan 4 insani durumu: \u00f6l\u00fcm, anlam, izolasyon <\/em>ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck <\/em>\u015feklinde s\u0131ralam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kavramlardan yola \u00e7\u0131kan psikoterapinin amac\u0131 da dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131n ki\u015fisel fark\u0131ndal\u0131k d\u00fczeyini artt\u0131r\u0131p onu authenticity<\/a> <\/em>\u2019ye ula\u015ft\u0131rmakt\u0131r. Bu amac\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilmesi i\u00e7in psikoterapistler \u00f6ncelikle dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131 anlam aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na ve de\u011ferlerini sorgulamaya iter, bu sorgulamalar\u0131n sonras\u0131nda da ki\u015finin nevrotik ve psikomatik semptomlar\u0131n\u0131n tedavisine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Tedavi, dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131n varolan problemlerine farkl\u0131 perspektiflerden yakla\u015fma becerisi kazanmas\u0131 ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerinde farkl\u0131 pratiklere gitmesi yoluyla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bili\u015fsel Davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 Kuram ve Bili\u015fsel Davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 Psikopterapi (CBT)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bili\u015fsel davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 terapi, bili\u015fsel davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 kuram\u0131 temel alan bir yakla\u015f\u0131md\u0131r. Bu kuram, ki\u015filerin alg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ya da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinin, davran\u0131\u015f ve tepkilerinde belirleyici oldu\u011funu savunur. Bili\u015fsel davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 psikoterapi, ki\u015filerin davran\u0131\u015f ve duygular\u0131 \u00fczerinde olumsuz etkileri olan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini tan\u0131mlayabilmesini ve de\u011fi\u015ftirebilmesini ama\u00e7lar. CBT\u2019 de kullan\u0131lan pek \u00e7ok y\u00f6ntem, onun karma\u015f\u0131k ve b\u00fct\u00fcnsel ge\u00e7mi\u015fini yans\u0131t\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6ntemlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n varolu\u015f\u00e7u psikoterapi uygulamalar\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fck bir parelellik arz etti\u011fini ve varolu\u015f\u00e7u psikoterapinin bu alanda kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Varolu\u015f\u00e7u psikoterapi, ki\u015finin de\u011ferler ufkunu geni\u015fletmeyi ama\u00e7layarak bu fonksiyonunu yerine getirir. Bu de\u011ferler yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131kla, deneyimlerle veya vicdani \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve sorumluluklarla ili\u015fkilendirilebilir. Yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131kla ili\u015fkilendirilen de\u011ferler, sanatsal alandaki \u00fcretimlerle; deneyimsel de\u011ferler, anlaml\u0131l\u0131k arz eden duyumsamalarla ( hayat\u0131n, do\u011fan\u0131n veya bir sanat eserinin g\u00fczelli\u011fini alg\u0131layabilme), ki\u015finin kendisini daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn par\u00e7as\u0131 hissedebilmesini sa\u011flayan yetenekleri veya ileti\u015fimleriyle; vicdani y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler ise en \u00e7ok sars\u0131c\u0131 realitelerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, onlarla ba\u015f edebilme becerisiyle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir. Victor Frankl\u2019 a g\u00f6re, ger\u00e7eklikle ba\u015f edebilme becerisi kapsam\u0131nda, hayat en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7\u0131kmazlarda (ciddi hastal\u0131klar, bir yak\u0131n\u0131 kaybetme vb.) bile anlaml\u0131d\u0131r ve ki\u015fi bu \u00e7\u0131kmazlara kar\u015f\u0131 tutumunu de\u011fi\u015ftirebilirse kendi \u00e7aresizli\u011fine ve ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131 ac\u0131s\u0131na ruhsal a\u015f\u0131mlarla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm getirebilir. CBT\u2019nin 3. Dalga uygulamalar\u0131nda da bu de\u011ferler vurgulanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Varolu\u015f\u00e7u Psikoterapi, Bili\u015fsel Davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 Terapiye Nas\u0131l Katk\u0131da Bulunur?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u00d6zellikle 3. dalga terapileri, bili\u015fsel davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 terapinin di\u011fer terap\u00f6tik y\u00f6ntemlere kucak a\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nem terapistleri, geleneksel bili\u015fsel davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 terapilerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00fcstbili\u015f<\/em>, ACT( Acceptence and Commitment Theory), de\u011ferler alg\u0131s\u0131 <\/em>ve spirit\u00fcellik <\/em>gibi konular\u0131 da kapsam\u0131na al\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu kavramlar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda terapinin amac\u0131, klasik bili\u015fsel davran\u0131\u015f terapisinin aksine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri de\u011fi\u015ftirmek de\u011fil, onlarla ya\u015famay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmek \u015feklinde geli\u015fir ve bu da, insan\u0131n hayat\u0131nda nelerin \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu ve bu de\u011ferler do\u011frultusunda nas\u0131l bir insan olunmak istendi\u011fi sorusu \u00fczerinden yap\u0131l\u0131r. Terapist bu ideallere ula\u015fmada bir yol g\u00f6stericidir ve dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131n kayg\u0131 ve depresyonunu engellemeye y\u00f6nelik eylemlerde bulunur. CBT\u2019de depresyon, Aaron T. Beck\u2019in kognitif triad post\u00fclat\u0131<\/em> ile gelecek \u00fczerine olumsuz d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere sahip olma veya gelece\u011fe dair umutlar\u0131n kayb\u0131 \u015feklinde a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r. Hayat\u0131n anlam\u0131n\u0131n yitimi ve gelece\u011fe dair olumsuz alg\u0131lar, tipik varolu\u015fsal problemler olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Ancak geleneksel bili\u015fsel davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 terapide gelecek alg\u0131lar\u0131yla ilgili durumlara \u00e7o\u011funlukla yer verilmez. Anlaml\u0131l\u0131k hususunda ise MS hastalar\u0131 \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, varolu\u015f\u00e7u psikoterapinin CBT\u2019ye katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermektedir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada MS hastas\u0131 43 kad\u0131n, genel hayat kalitesi ve anlaml\u0131l\u0131k parametreleri \u00fczerinden \u00e7e\u015fitli testlere tabii tutulmu\u015f ve CBT ile varolu\u015fsal yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n bu parametreler \u00fczerindeki etkisi ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Deney sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re CBT ve varolu\u015fsal psikoterap\u00f6tik yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n her ikisinin de bu parametreler \u00fczerinde olumlu etkilerinin oldu\u011fu saptansa da varolu\u015f\u00e7u psikoterapinin, hayat kalitesini ve anlam\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmada CBT\u2019den daha efektif oldu\u011fu ortaya konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak hem varolu\u015f\u00e7u hem de bili\u015fsel davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 terapiler ki\u015filerin ya\u015famay\u0131 se\u00e7tikleri hayatlar ve de\u011fer yarg\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere sahip oldu\u011funu vurgulamakta ve varolu\u015f\u00e7u psikoterapi, CBT\u2019nin felsefi kapsam\u0131n\u0131, CBT uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 an odakl\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131, i\u00e7erdi\u011fi gelecek alg\u0131s\u0131, beklentiler ve anlaml\u0131l\u0131k unsurlar\u0131yla tamamlayabildi\u011finden tedavinin verimlili\u011fini artt\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n